Gender Equality and Culture - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 6 Words: 1820 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/04/26 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Tags: Gender Roles Essay Did you like this example? In this society we have to face many different people that involve gender issues. Different personalities with either gender have created a culture for others to follow or to be in. It has both positive or negative effects to different individuals throughout history and it led to many different gender issues revolving gender inequality. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Gender Equality and Culture" essay for you Create order These problems have been set in stone and often brought up in history books which the following generations use to learn about past events regarding gender inequality such that, women are treated and viewed unequal to men. Women carry different responsibilities compared to those that men have, where they must be stronger than men in order to compete with others in society. They have to struggle with these responsibilities and try to prove themselves that they are capable of handling situations in order to survive in the biased cultural norms. For instance, in the novel Sing, Unburied, Sing written by Jesmyn Ward, there are various characters that have different styles of living based on their gender roles. There are several examples from the novel where the characters have to face cultural norms and social standards which have greatly affected their lives and it causes similar results to many others that had the same effect on their lives. One of the characters which shows as an example of a female character struggling within society would be Leonie, the mother of two kids named Jojo and Kayla. Leonie has trouble taking care of the kids and face difficulties from a mixture of trauma, structural oppression, and her own flaws. The relationship between Leonie and her kids can be seen as painful. Because the lack of parental support leads to a cruel relationship between mother and her two children. They are left without a parent to look after them leaving Jojo being the older brother to take care of his younger baby sister, Kayla. One of the reasons for Leonie’s mistreatment towards her kids is because of drug use. Her usage of drugs is related to the influence made by her husband, Michael as well as his absence that leads to lack of spousal support. Leonie also had been led to use drugs because of the traumatic event by the murder of her brother, Given. Leonie loved her younger brother very much but unfortunately she lost her brother because he was murdered by her husband’s cousin. Given was Leonie’s life line which supported her as a mother of her two lovely children. However, after his death she missed him dearly which caused her to result to drug use. When Leonie takes a lot of drugs she becomes high and this leads to Given to appear in spirit. Because of this Leonie consistently is using drugs as a way to see her brother for moral support to prevent her from self destructing. Another reason of Leonie’s drug use is influenced by Michael because he has his own traumas which led to his own drug use and leads to him being sentenced to prison. After struggling with her brother’s death and her husband’s absence she allows the usage of drugs to keep her from insanity. Leonie also faces numerous racial issues in the society where she lives. The question of Leonie’s ability to be mother is clear that she is unable to be a supportive mother with her extreme usage of drugs. Without a clear mind she is clearly incompetent to show love for her kids because she is blinded by love for her husband and brother. In Prezi.com, it shows that â€Å"Leonies incapability to depict the stereotypical gender roles of a mother and a daughter seems to be related with the fact that she was not able to identify with her mother.† The face that Leonie being unable to identify herself with her mother shows her unable to portray herself as a supportive and loving mother towards her two children.This leads to a negative stereotype where a mother is portrayed as loving, caring and supportive to her kids which Leonie lacks towards her own children. This is where gender can be seen as sociocultural construction. The fact that she is a mother of her kids should bring out her responsibilities to take care of them because they are depende nt of her however she fails to do so because of her right state of mind. The lack of her parental presence leads to Jojo developing his own characteristics and views within society. In scalar.usc.edu, it shows â€Å"those characteristics and traits sociocultural considered appropriate to males and females† meaning the dimension of gender is gender identity or thinking of as male or female are viewed differently from one another. This shows that Leonie’s approach on gendered identities of how men take drugs just the same when women take drugs. The difference between the two genders resulting in drug use differ because men take drugs due to stress from working, making hard decisions and face the consequences, however for women taking drugs is a different approach. Women drug use creates different results like carelessness towards their children, losing the ability to show good signs towards their children and setting bad examples as a parental figure to them. Another ne gative stereotype can be masculinity. For instance, in The Washington Post, it said â€Å"A real man is stoic and unemotional. A real man is physically strong a protector. A real man doesn’t show weakness, ask for or show vulnerability.† This compares to Leonie being a mother because it puts herself in the position to support her children and pull off a strong demeanor in front of them. It caused her to question herself can she be the strong parent, who shows no emotion and provide for her family while her husband is gone and also be the loving motherly figure? There are many cases where Leonie had trouble being the so call â€Å"man† in front of her kids. The man is seen responsible for the kids, taking care of everything, protecting the kids and giving the love to the kids. However, Leonie fails to do so because she cannot control her emotions and keep a straight mind in order to provide the guidance and support which her children need. Obviously, Leonie can’t be the man for her two children because of her incapabilities to control herself from the usage of drugs. Her unstable emotions and inability to face her responsibilities causes her to show the lack of parenthood which she should towards Jojo and Kayla. This reveals that Leonie needs a male figure in her life to keep her in check and be the loving mother for her two children. That figure used to be her brother, Given who was there for her when she needed someone to talk to and helped her face the gender and racial struggles in her life. But unfortunately, with the lack of her brother’s presence as well as her husbands she is unable to control a straight mind which causes her to result in using drugs to vision her brother. This reminds us of Leonie’s feminine side where she is in need of the male figure in her life. She is unable to be the provider for the family because she believes she lacks the characteristics to be a loving mother for her two children. Leonie’s portrayal of stereotypical feminine traits is related to the gender roles within the book. In page 48, it shows â€Å"I didn’t want to go in the house just in case Mama decided to give me one of her plant lessons.† This show she doesn’t want to get lectured by Mama because she is afraid and is aware she will be lectured again and again being a bad example. She acknowledges that she is a lacking mother when she admits, she is â€Å"The one I’m never good enough for. Never mama for. Just Leonie, a name wrapped around the same disappointed syllables I’ve heard from Mama, from Pop, even from Given, my whole fucking life.† (Leonie, 147) Leonie’s main issue is dealing with herself and how she doesn’t trust herself well enough to take care of others, she is aware of her flaws but she doesn’t try to change them. She desires to be the dependent in her family and is blinded by love for her husband which causes her to disregard her responsibilities. â€Å"I stand there watching my children comfort each other () I could reach out and touch them both, but I don’t.† (Leonie, 101) Without a male figure in her life, Leonie will continue to be the helpless mother who believes the male figure in her children’s life should be responsible for the love of her children. This is where Jojo’s personality and characteristics’ develop to catch his mother’s faults. For the young boy Jojo who is unusually serious and mature for his age because of his mother, Leonie’s irresponsibility means that he has effectively taken over as parent of his three-year-old sister, Kayla. Even though Jojo is intelligent for his age he still doesn’t understand Leonie. In the book, Jojo is a strong kid that picks up after his mother’s slack by taking care of his little sister and learning while watching everything happen around him. He shows much love towards his Pop, River who is his mother’s father. He’s desperate to imitate his grandfather, and this is his attempt to prove that he’s old enough to look at death like a man should. In TheAlantic.com â€Å"Jojo’s understanding of manhood is complicated by both the people and places in his family’s history.† This shows that Jojo is living in a difficult family whose mother is black that struggle with the use of drugs. His father is white who sent to the br utal Parchman penitentiary. For Jojo who is growing up at this young age to have both parent struggling is tough especially when he has a three year old sister to take care of as well. Jojo has his own responsibility to help and take care of his sister, he feels the responsibility of being the opposite of his mother and father by setting good example for his younger sibling. Overall the story shows the relationship between Leonie and Jojo play in different gender roles. They have shown their example of how gender roles have affected their personal life and how their gender roles correspond with one another to support the family. Leonie’s lacks the characteristics of a motherly figure because she does not have a male figure by her side. This allows Jojo to be responsible and try to make up for her lacking characteristics. This shows how their gender role presents itself shown by their characters and how they play out throughout the story.

Challenges Faced by Companies Entering Foriegn Markets

Challenges Faced By Companies Entering Foreign Markets Case of Rocket Internet’s Sabunta August 2012 1. INTRODUCTION Companies move into foreign markets for various reasons. In certain cases, it is towards achieving a required sales volume. In other instances, it might be a bid to increase brand awareness. Other companies go into foreign markets to re-invigorate sales after their products have gone through their life cycle - from inception to decline - in home markets. Regardless of reason, moving into a foreign market tends to portend great opportunities for companies, particularly if it entails serving products in an emerging economy that has recently become wealthy enough to afford such products; or selling a new but†¦show more content†¦Countries tend to enact laws intended to protect or enable local industries. These legislations take many forms. They could be outright levies on foreign businesses; or banning of the activities or management structure of foreign companies; or may be through more indirect means such as required licenses or permits to operate; cumbersome registration processes or permit procedures. 4 David Ogah, â€Å"Expatriates, some semi-skilled, take over even menial jobs from Nigerians†, The Guardian Newspaper Nigeria, December 21 2011, http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/index.php?option=com_contentamp;view=articleamp;id=71436:expatriates-some-semi-skilled-take-over-even-menial-jobs-from-nigerians-amp;catid=72:focusamp;Itemid=598, accessed August 2012. 3. NIGERIAN E-COMMERCE E-commerce is the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the Internet and other computer networks. E-commerce uses the World Wide Web at one point in the transactions life-cycle, although it may include a wider range of technologies such as e-mail, mobile devices and telephones. ------------------------------------------------- The major customers of e-commerce businesses are individuals living in major urban centres in Nigeria, notably Lagos, the commercial capital; Abuja, the political capital; and Port Harcourt, an oil rich city in Southern Nigeria; as these cities tend to house the highest number of internet users in Nigeria. 5NigeriaShow MoreRelatedChallenges Faced by Companies Entering Foriegn Markets5883 Words   |  24 PagesChallenges Faced By Companies Entering Foreign Markets Case of Rocket Internet’s Sabunta August 2012 1. INTRODUCTION Companies move into foreign markets for various reasons. In certain cases, it is towards achieving a required sales volume. In other instances, it might be a bid to increase brand awareness. Other companies go into foreign markets to re-invigorate sales after their products have gone through their life cycle - from inception to decline - in home markets. Regardless of reasonRead MoreResearch on Foreign Exchange Risk Management13065 Words   |  53 Pages1 CHAPTER 1: PLAN OF THE RESEARCH 4 1.1. INTRODUCTION 5 1.1.1. Features of Forex Market 6 1.1.2. Functions of Forex Market 7 1.1.3. Structure of Forex Market 8 1.1.4. Needs for Foreign Exchange 9 1.1.5. What Does Forex Provide? 9 1.1.6. Methods of Quoting Exchange Rates 9 1.1.7. Types of Transactions 11 1.1.8. Factors Affecting Exchange Rates 12 1.1.9. Factors Affecting Indian Rupee 13 1.1.10. FORIEGN EXCHANGE RISK 17 Classification of Foreign Exchange Risk 17 1.1.11. Trends in currencies

Affirmative Action Essay Conclusion Example For Students

Affirmative Action Essay Conclusion Affirmative ActionAffirmative action is meant to be an attempt at equality throughout society. Itsupposedly proposes that each person receives equal opportunities in the classroomas well as the work force. Not only would this apply to minorities but to womenas well. Every sector in America would be equal and unprejudiced or so proponentssay. On the other hand, adopting affirmative action would force many employers toreplace hard-working employees with those of less qualification simply due to theirgender or ethnic background. Many people feel that affirmative action would be very beneficial to our society. They have many thought-inspiring arguments. Some claim that we owe blacks for what we took from them in the past. We gave them a setback in our economic system, and affirmative action would be our way of reimbursing them for time and opportunities they lost out on (Norman 50). But where should the line be drawn; how much do we do to repay people in this case blacks for past wron gs? Is it enough to give them equal rights, or will we give them extra opportunities to make up for thosewe took away? It has been argued that the black sector in America, in general, islower in class due to their environment prior to the Civil War, but the black peopleof today are not those who lived then. Each person today no matter their gender, 2origin, race, belief, or whatever difference has the same opportunities as everyoneelse. In my opinion no one needs any special favors to get ahead. In this paper I will discuss some of the problems with affirmative action. These include disgruntled employees, reverse discrimination, and the negative effect on our economic status. People who are for affirmative action have many possible positive outcomes as a result of this law passing, some of which have already been implicated. The first subject I will discuss is diversity in the work place, including women and minorities. Proponents of affirmative action attempt to show that diversity in the work forcehas brought with it improved skills and new insights (Carlton 20). I agree thatdiversity could encourage the majority to learn more about minorities by forcingthem to work side by side. On the other hand, it could also create tension due tothe fact that the minorities may replace those who have held a particular job fora long period of time. There would be a feeling of loyalty among those previouslyemployed, and it would only be natural for them to become bitter and resent the minorityworker who took the already filled positions simply due to their race or gender. Instead of creating a more unified society, as some would suggest, it is more likelythat affirmative action could create more divisions among employees and people ingeneral. Statistics have shown that affirmative action has found jobs for a large numberof minorities and women. In 1995, sixty percent of the work force was made up ofminorities and women. That was an increase from the 1979 estimate of forty percent. In the same way, womens wages increased 119 percent from 1979 to 1982 (Carlton22). There still remains the question: how much longer should we attempt to right3our wrongs? If minorities make up sixty percent of todays work force, will we keepgoing until it becomes eighty percent, or ninety? The answer is most likely not. It appears that affirmative action has fulfilled its purpose and has now outlasted its usefulness and should be done away with. Finding jobs for minorities and women was a step in the right direction, but affirmative action was a rather controversial perhapseven unconstitutional way to do it. I have no problem with a qualified woman or minority getting a job. However the key word is qualified, and I do have a problem with it if they are given the job based only on what they are and not what they can do. I have applied for many jobs, only a few of which I had been accepted for employment. Each one of the rejections was a sign to me that maybe I wasnt qualified for t hat particular job. All it did was make me try harder at my next interview. In my opinion it would make me feel worse if I got a job knowing there were far more qualified people ahead of me who didnt get the job or lost it because of me. It makes no sense to fire a perfectly qualified person and then hire a new employee who is not as qualified. The Supreme Court, on July 12, 1995, criticized affirmative action saying it was not morally justifiable and could amount to unconstitutional reverse discrimination and harm for those it was seeking to advance. In addition to the problems it could cause in the workplace, affirmative action is also reverse discrimination. Next I will talk about the ways affirmative action reversibly discriminates against white males. .u9777a1c39558a49db39bb18a51b0f95d , .u9777a1c39558a49db39bb18a51b0f95d .postImageUrl , .u9777a1c39558a49db39bb18a51b0f95d .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9777a1c39558a49db39bb18a51b0f95d , .u9777a1c39558a49db39bb18a51b0f95d:hover , .u9777a1c39558a49db39bb18a51b0f95d:visited , .u9777a1c39558a49db39bb18a51b0f95d:active { border:0!important; } .u9777a1c39558a49db39bb18a51b0f95d .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9777a1c39558a49db39bb18a51b0f95d { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9777a1c39558a49db39bb18a51b0f95d:active , .u9777a1c39558a49db39bb18a51b0f95d:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9777a1c39558a49db39bb18a51b0f95d .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9777a1c39558a49db39bb18a51b0f95d .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9777a1c39558a49db39bb18a51b0f95d .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9777a1c39558a49db39bb18a51b0f95d .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9777a1c39558a49db39bb18a51b0f95d:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9777a1c39558a49db39bb18a51b0f95d .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9777a1c39558a49db39bb18a51b0f95d .u9777a1c39558a49db39bb18a51b0f95d-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9777a1c39558a49db39bb18a51b0f95d:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Nazism And World War II (2352 words) EssayWe spend so much time trying to find equality and unity between whites and those people of other colors. What about minorities among whites? Should the Irish-Americans receive benefits like affirmative action if they are a minority to German- 4Americans? I am Italian, and if I came to the U.S. to look for a job sixty years ago I would have been called a variety of names and would have been discriminated against just as much as the next black man. However I have no desire to get a handout because of what happened sixty years ago. Basing whether a person receives a job on their race seems a lot like discrimination, which is what we a re trying to eliminate in the first place. It is also discrimination to take jobs and opportunities from white males, who happen to be the majority. It is referred to as reverse discrimination, and while followers of affirmative action say it does not exist, it obviously does (Norman 51). To give a percentage of jobs to the minority, the majority will have to give a percentage of their jobs up. It is generally accepted that discrimination is wrong, and that should include biases against the majority not just the minorities. Aside from the personal stab it is to the individual who is getting fired, it is also a stab at our economy and production possibilities. My next topic is the negative effect affirmative action has on our economy. Not only does affirmative action have a negative effect on the social aspects ofour country, but it also greatly affects our economic status. By replacing well-qualifiedemployees who happen to be the majority with minorities who may be less qualified is not good for business. If you put it in prospective, you slow down production when you need to cater to the lack of ability in a new employee. To me it would not make good business sense to replace a part that does not need to be fixed. Those in favor claim that affirmative action would increase competition, therefore raising the level of skill among employees (Norman 49). In opposition of that claim, how can the majority population work under the conditions that they could get fired at any moment, regardless of their 5skill on the job. In psychology there is a fitting term called learned helplessness. It says that if a person is not rewarded for their work , he will eventually learn that doing above average work is not getting him a ny farther that doing average work, so he will lower his level of skill. He will stop trying as hard because he will eventually learn that he does not need higher levels of skill because it will not benefit him anymore than if he had a lower level of skill. If the minority worker gets a job with a lower amount of skills, why cant the majority? If everyone could do their best all the time, it would be a different story. Survival of the fittest, no one seems to know what this means anymore. The people that made this country, including everyones parents and grandparents, would be disgusted at the way people expect something for nothing. No matter if you are white, mexican, black or asian you need to work for what you get. If you want a job you need to work at it, and if you do not get the job the first time maybe you should work harder and try again. However sadly enough, that is not the way of the world today. Affirmative action has some very convincing arguments by some very convinced proponents. This is obvious through the fact that it has been implemented and followed in the past. Though it has proved successful in doing the job it was created to do, affirmative action has unfortunately had side effects as well. One of which is that minorities and women hold a higher percentage of jobs than in the past, but white men have lost jobs. In addition to losing jobs, white students have been denied entrance to schools. People and the population as a whole have developed biases. Our society and economy as a whole have declined. On the surface affirmative action sounds and looks good. How could giving people an opportunity to work and learn to get along be a bad 6idea? But after looking deeper into this concept, it seems that the scale of benefits are still not evenly spread amongst the community. After looking at all the negative outcomes, the choice should be clear. This is obviously not the right plan to help our social and economic system and we should stop using it until we can find a better choice. Works CitedAbner, Lacy. Discrimination behind a mask. Lighthouse publishing co. Boston, 1996Carlton, Melinda. Affirmative Action and Affirming Diversity. Public Management. .u44731111ecdbff8d245666f8e00a1f2c , .u44731111ecdbff8d245666f8e00a1f2c .postImageUrl , .u44731111ecdbff8d245666f8e00a1f2c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u44731111ecdbff8d245666f8e00a1f2c , .u44731111ecdbff8d245666f8e00a1f2c:hover , .u44731111ecdbff8d245666f8e00a1f2c:visited , .u44731111ecdbff8d245666f8e00a1f2c:active { border:0!important; } .u44731111ecdbff8d245666f8e00a1f2c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u44731111ecdbff8d245666f8e00a1f2c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u44731111ecdbff8d245666f8e00a1f2c:active , .u44731111ecdbff8d245666f8e00a1f2c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u44731111ecdbff8d245666f8e00a1f2c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u44731111ecdbff8d245666f8e00a1f2c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u44731111ecdbff8d245666f8e00a1f2c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u44731111ecdbff8d245666f8e00a1f2c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u44731111ecdbff8d245666f8e00a1f2c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u44731111ecdbff8d245666f8e00a1f2c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u44731111ecdbff8d245666f8e00a1f2c .u44731111ecdbff8d245666f8e00a1f2c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u44731111ecdbff8d245666f8e00a1f2c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Anorexia and Bulimia Nervosa EssayFlorida, 1997. Norman, Jim. Politics of the nineties: Americas Verdict on Affirmative Actionis Decidedly Mixed. USA Today. June/July 1997: 49-52. Internet website. www.washingtonpost.com

National Economic Policy in Australia

Introduction Terms of trade are an important measure of economic performance. It refers to the ratio of export prices to import prices. If reflects the capacity for a given volume of Australias exports to pay for a given volume of its imports.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on National Economic Policy in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Improved terms of trade is significant to Australia since it enables the country to indulge in the purchase of more imports given its level of exports to the rest of the world. However, volatility in a countrys terms of trade results in volatility in investment, consumer spending, inflation, and economic growth. Consequently it makes macro-economic management extremely difficult (Gruen 2011, p. 5). Reasons for the Main Movements in Australia’s Terms of Trade over the Last Decade Impacts of Major World Economic Events Global economic conditions have been one of the k ey drivers of Australias term of trade in the past decade. In particular, previous cycles in economic growth among Australia’s main trading partners and the Great 7 (G7) countries have often resulted in swings in Australia’s terms of trade. These swings were mainly evident in the post 2007 global financial crisis. According to Australia Treasury (2012, p. 9), Australias terms of trade has suffered from the ongoing recession in the Euro area, slow recovery in the United States and reduced demand in the emerging Asian economies. These volatilities in international economic growth rates have consequently resulted in volatility in Australias terms of trade. Diversification of Australia’s Export Base Compared to the 1970s and 80s, Australia’s volatility in terms of trade has significantly declined from the 90s to present. This decline is attributed to export diversification efforts. Australia diversified its exports especially in terms of its industrial sector (Valadkhani, Layton Karunaratne, 2005, p. 295). Traditionally, primary products were the dominant exports (mining and agricultural products).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, in the recent past the country has diversified to manufacturing and of late the services sector. The performance of the country beginning from the year 200 onwards in terms of knowledge intensive exports was good. Currently, China is the leading importer of Australias services (Austrade 2012, p. 1). Decline in Price of Australia’s Exports Australia is a resource rich nation exporting metal ore and minerals. In the 1980s and 1990s, rapid industrialization and urbanization in China resulted in strong growth in the demand for Australias major commodity exports. The strong demand from Asia, and expectations that the demand will continue to grow drove commodity prices to high levels and attr acted record investments in Australias resources industry (Gregory 2011, p. 44). However, in the past decade, Australia witnessed adecline in prices for these resources in the international market in the past decade has in turn adversely affected the countrys terms of trade. For example, in 2009, slow growth in the Chinese economy resulted in a high trade deficit for Australia given that China is one of the countrys major trading partners. According to the (Australian 2012, p. 1), in October 2012, earnings from minerals and metal ore declined by 7% as a result of the falling prices in the international market. In fact major mining companies in Australia such as Rio Tinto and BHP Billiton deferred investing billions into the mining sector and instead chose close their mines because of the declining prices and Australias poor currency strength. Impact of a Decline in the Terms of Trade on the Australian Economy Mundell-Flemming Model Under the model, international and domestic interes t rates are assumed to the same. Australia being an open economy, we analyze the effect of a decline in the terms of trade in the short run using the Mundell-Flemming Model. Australias GDP (Y) is a function of consumption (C= C(Y-T); Investment (I(r)); Government Expenditure (G), and Net Exports (NX(e)). The model has three equations:Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on National Economic Policy in Australia specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More IS equation = Y = C (Y-T)+G+I(r)+ NX(e) where Y is income, C- consumption, G, government expenditure, T- taxes, and NX(e)- representing net exports. LM equation = M/P = L (r,Y), where M/P is the money supply, L is liquidity as a function of income and interest rate. Interest Rate equation = r=r*where r is the fixed interest rate When the economy is at equilibrium, it is depicted by the diagram below: A decline in Australias terms of trade affects the economy through the IS curve. When import prices are more than export prices, the IS curve shifts inwards to the left from IS0 to IS1. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Given that interest rates are fixed at r, the money supply in the economy reduces from LM0 to LM1. Output or income in the economy drops from Y0 to Y1, and the economy attains a new equilibrium but at a reduced level of output. These changes affect several macroeconomic variables: Australias Gross Domestic Product declines because the inward shift of the goods market (IS curve) implies reduced demand. Consumption, investment, government expenditure and net exports all decline. In addition, Australia is likely to suffer from unfavorable balance of payments. This is because more of the countrys exports will be required to purchase a given volume of imports. Similarly, as the country’s GDP declines, investments in the economy are discouraged resulting into slow economic growth and high unemployment rate. Furthermore, a decline in the terms of trade is equally likely to lead into inflation in the Australian economy. From the figure above, the inward shift in the IS curve forces t he government to pursue a contractionary monetary policy. Consequently, the amount of money in circulation is reduced. This adversely affects the economy as banks resort to tighten their lending policies. This further discourages investment by firms and households worsening the unemployment problem and slowing economic growth. The changes equally affect Australias real exchange rate. The fact that Australia’s exports can purchase few of its imports implies that its exports are cheaper. This equally indicates that the Australian dollar is weak compared to foreign currencies. Foreign countries will require less of their currency to purchase Australian dollars. However, this impacts negatively on the domestic importers. Importers must have more Australian dollars in order to purchase a given volume of foreign currency before importing products and services from those countries. Similarly, Australia will suffer from foreign exchange deficits. Given the unfavorable terms of trade, Australia will be using more foreign exchange to purchase a given volume of imports. However, with low prices for domestic products and services in the international market, the foreign exchange received from exports will be the less than the foreign exchange used to imports goods and services. Implications for Monetary and Fiscal Policy of the Decline in the Terms of Trade As already noted, a decline in a countrys terms of trade is equivalent to an increase in the price of imports relative to exports. If Australias export prices decline relative to its imports, the country will not only have a low standard of living, but will also have less ability to purchase imports. A prolonged deterioration in terms of trade can result in low GDP and poor living standards. Because of this, the objective of monetary and fiscal policy is to stimulate aggregate demand and increase exports Expansionary Fiscal Policy To stimulate demand, the government will pursue an expansionary fiscal policy by i ncreasing government expenditure and reducing taxes. From the aggregate demand function, an increase in government expenditure G will increase aggregate demand and increase economic growth. AD= C+G+I + (X-M) With a decline interms of trade, then economys real GDP falls to a low level Y0. At this level investments, consumption and output are low. The economy suffers from high unemployment. The government can correct this using fiscal policy by increasing its expenditure and reducing taxes. This shifts the aggregate demand curve outwards to the right from AD0 to AD1, income is increased from the original Y0 to Y1. The government can inject more money into the economy by investing in infrastructure and productive activities to boost output and growth. Through a reduction in taxes, some of the goods that were initially imported can be produced in the domestic economy thereby improving the countrys GDP by increasing income, output and employment. Expansionary Monetary Policy With the l ow output arising from the decline in terms of trade, the government through the central can pursue an expansionary monetary policy. The IS-LM diagram above indicates the economic changes arising from the increase in money supply. Initially, the economy is at equilibrium with output Y0 and interest rate i0. However, owing to the deteriorating terms of trade, output Y0 is too low and is characterized by high unemployment, inadequate foreign exchange reserves, high import prices and low export prices (Reserve Bank of Australia 2013, p. 1). When the central bank increases money supply, the LM curve shifts outwards to the right from LM to LM, equilibrium output increases from the initial Y0 to Y1. The central bank can increase money supply by using three tools open market operation, discount rate and reserve requirements (The Australian, 2012). All the three tools whether used together or separately will have the effect of increasing the amount of money circulating within Australias eco nomy and bring down interest rates. The low interest rates coupled with extra supply of money will stimulate Australias economy by encouraging additional expenditures on total production, in particular investment and consumption expenditures. With the increased aggregate production, the country uses more resources, creates more jobs and unemployment declines (Lowe 2012, p. 8). This is the stimulation the Australian economy needs in a situation of deteriorating terms of trade with high rates of unemployment. Given that the effects of monetary policy on the economy are not usually immediate, it is recommended that the policy should be implemented immediately there are signs of declining terms of trade. In conclusion the volatility in Australias terms of trade over the past decade has been a direct result of various factors both internal and external. These include global events; drop in commodity prices in the international market and the move by Australia to diversify its exports. Li st of References Austrade 2012, Latest from Austrade: China now Australia’s top destination for services exports – Austrade. Web. Gregory, RG 2011, Then and Now: Reflections on Two Australian Mining Booms, Centre for Strategic Economic Studies, Victoria University, Melbourne. Gruen, D 2011, The Macroeconomic and Structural Implications of a Once-in-a-Lifetime Boom in the Terms of Trade, Address to the Australian Business Economists, Sydney. Lowe, P 2012, The Changing Structure of the Australian Economy and Monetary Policy, Address to the Australian Industry Group 12th Annual Economic Forum, Sydney. Reserve Bank of Australia, 2013, Monetary Policy. Web. The Australian, 2012, Trade deficit widens as softer commodity prices hit exports. Web. Valadkhani, A, Layton, P Karunaratne, D 2005, ‘Sources of volatility in Australia’s export prices: evidence from ARCH and GARCH modeling’, Global Business and Economics Review, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 295-310. This essay on National Economic Policy in Australia was written and submitted by user Yoselin Gill to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Eliot ensures that in Silas Marner all the characters get exactly what they Deserve Essay Example

Eliot ensures that in Silas Marner all the characters get exactly what they Deserve Essay Example Eliot ensures that in Silas Marner all the characters get exactly what they Deserve Paper Eliot ensures that in Silas Marner all the characters get exactly what they Deserve Paper Essay Topic: Literature The word deserve means to be entitled to or worthy of. The characters in Silas Marner have things happen to them some beneficial and some detrimental. These are usually a result of what has happened in the past. Many of the characters act foolishly and get what they deserve in return for their foolishness, but others suffer in return for other characters mistakes. Different characters act in different ways when exploring their actions what they deserve will be easily seen. Fair is fair but how fair has George Eliot been to these characters? Silas Marner is one of the only characters that one could say suffers greatly for another characters mistakes. Silas, a man who believes faithfully in G-D, lives in a religious community called Lantern Yard in an industrial town, before he moves to Raveloe. Lantern Yard is a close community; everyone including Silas would go to church together every Sunday. Undeservingly Silas is betrayed by what he thinks is a good friend in the community. He is affected deeply by the betrayal and moves to Raveloe where he begins to live his life in isolation. He loses all trust in man and becomes only involved in material things like his pot which had been his companion for twelve years. When the earthenware pot breaks Silas reaction shows that the sap of affection was not all gone. Silass heart at this stage is not completely devoid of human feeling. He becomes however, increasingly dependant on his gold and each night he closed his shutters, and made fast his doors, and drew forth his gold. As Silas grows older with just inanimate companions his heart grows harder. His gold, as he hung over it and saw it grow, gathered his power of loving together into a hard isolation like its own. The gold represents the hardness of his heart and shows that he is yearning for a human companion. William Dane stole Silass fiance and accused him of being the person that stole money from the church. William Dane the man who betrays Silas was the character who really deserved to live his life in isolation not Silas. One can see from where Silas has chose n to live that he has lost all trust in man and is secluding himself from the new community he has moved to. Silas had been a trusting man before the betrayal The prominent eyes that used to look trusting. He hardly communicates or socializes with anyone from Raveloe until the day that Dunstan Cass steals his only companion, his gold. Silas makes a big step in turning to his community for help. Silas does not help himself in making friends in the community, fifteen years since Silas Marner had first come to Raveloe, he invited no comer to step across his door-sill, and he never strolled into the village to drink a pint at the rainbow. This shows that it is not only the villagers that exclude Silas but also shows that Silas secludes himself. The villagers who never really speak to Silas are eager to hear about the robbery, they are intrigued as this is the first time Silas had ever come to them. Silas did nothing to deserve such a tragic thing to happen to him but it was for the good, it brought him out of his hibernation and enabled him to deserve to have Eppie. Godfrey named by his neighbo urs as a fine open-faced good natured young man is the opposite of what people think of him. Godfrey has much to hide and is in fact not at all open faced. Godfrey is unable to be happy and completely open-faced as he has a secret that he has yet to share. His wife Molly Farren is an opium addict and an alcoholic which, Godfrey most likely did not know until the two were married. Dunstan urged him into a secret marriage, which was a blight on his life. The word urged suggests that Godfrey did not wish to marry Molly but was pushed into it. He manages to take some responsibility for the marriage and does not just blame it all on his brothers wrong doings. the delusion was partly due to a trap laid for him by Dunstan. This shows Godfreys ability to know what is right and what is wrong. This also reveals to the reader that he is able to take some responsibility for his actions. Godfreys father, Squire Cass used to be married to Godfrey and Dunstans mother until she passed away many years ago. It shows from the description of the goings on in the Cass house that they are without a female touch in the house. coats and hats flung on the chairs half-choked fire, they seem to be disorganized and uncaring about the mess they create. The description of the house shows the moral dissolution in Cass house. Godfrey is told by his father that he is a shilly-shally fellow, he understands his sons true problem even though his father spends the majority of his time in The Rainbow. Godfrey is described by Eliot as having natural irresolution and moral cowardice which are the main reasons for his unhappiness. Godfrey knows what is right and what is wrong but he is like Dunstan in the way that he does not act on what he knows. Even though he knows that he should tell his father about his secret marriage to Molly Farren instead of paying Dunstan not to tell anyone he does not. He cannot make his mind up and do what he knows is right instead of what he thinks is right. Godfrey is lucky in that both his Brother Dunstan and Molly Farren die before anyone finding out his painful secret. He is able to marry Nancy Lammeter, a rich villager. He thinks if he were to marry her she would put order in his disorganized life. The name Eliot has used for Nancys last name Lammeter is a word that suggests measure and order Meter. Godfrey thinks that now no one will ever find out about his secret marriage he can become a nicer less bitter person. Godfrey and Nancy have a child who dies at a young age, which makes Godfrey again into a bitter person. Godfrey has a child with Molly Farren, a daughter Eppie. Godfrey never until his brothers body is recovered tells anyone about Eppie being his daughter. When Dunstans body is found Godfrey decides to tell the truth about Molly and Eppie. He expects Nancy to act in to the opposite way that she does, she shows some sort of sympathy for Godfrey but wonders why he did not tell her sooner then sixteen years later. Nancy and Godfrey cannot have children so they decide to take back what Godfrey thinks is rightfully his, they decide they want to adopt Eppie. Godfrey does not consider the fact that Eppie has grown attached to Silas. She is now eighteen and has grown up with Silas being her true father she explains to Godfrey and Nancy that she wants to stay with Silas and does not want to live with them. Godfrey did not have the right to ask to adopt Eppie; now that he could not have children he decides he wants Eppie when all those years went passed where he wants nothing to do with her or her mother. He was the blood relation to Eppie and in some ways should have been able to adopt her considering she is his child, but she is no longer a child. Godfrey did nothing to deserve Eppie, to ignore ones own child for so long and then suddenly want them is morally unmerited. Godfrey waited too long to release his secrets. He deserved to keep Nancy, he did admit what he had done wrong which was hard for him to do but because it took him so long to do right, he did not manage or deserve to get all that he wanted. Eppie is just a child when she is introduced into the novel, by her mother Molly Farren who is an alcoholic and opium addict. Eppies true father is Godfrey who has nothing to do with her until she is eighteen years old. Eppie is just a child and does not deserve to have parents that do not love her and care for her. She is alone in this world until thankfully she finds Silas. Nancy is quite naive at times but she is seen to be a morally correct character. Due to Godfreys wrongful deeds she is unable to have children with him as he has done nothing to deserve them, and has done everything to not deserve them. Nancy does get the love of Godfrey at the end of the novel which is what they both deserve, to be happy as Godfrey finally lets out the truth and Nancy in the end becomes more open minded. Dunstan also known as Dunsey, is described by his neighbours as a spiteful jeering fellow, who seemed to enjoy his drink more when other people went dry. He does not care about what people think of him as long as he gets his way. His elder brother Godfrey is in agreement with his neighbours as he believes that Dunstan would sell himself, if it was only for the pleasure of making somebody feel hed got a bad bargain. He is extremely jealous of Godfrey and as the reader can see does everything he can to get Godfrey in situations he cannot get out of. Dunstan often does selfish things in a malicious way. Dunstan, few years ago tempted his brother to marry a low class working woman. Elliot does not say exactly how Dunstan managed to do this, but the description of the situation shows that Godfrey thinks the delusion was partly due to a trap laid for him by Dunstan. He plans to inherit his fathers wealth and house by pushing Godfrey to the edge until he tells his father about his secret marriage. One dark night Dunstan is returning home after leaving Wildfire, Godfreys horse, to die after being hurt by Dunstans lack of care. While passing Silas Marners cottage he sees a gleaming of light which came from the cottage. Dunstans first thought when seeing the cottage was the rumours about Silas Marners gold. Dunstan considers carrying out one of his ideas he calls cheating a man by making him believe that he would be paid. It did not take much for Dunstan to carry out his idea, he proceeds with knocking loudly, rather enjoying the idea that the old fellow would be frightened at the sudden noise. There was no answer at the door so Dunstan felt it appropriate to push his fingers through the latch hole. He convinces himself that Silas has fallen down into the stone pit and is dead, so it is only fair that he takes the precious gold. Dunstan leaves the cottage after taking the money and finds it difficult to see, later in the novel the reader learns Dunstan never managed to make it home. Sixteen years passes with hardly any mention of Dunstans whereabouts, when suddenly his body is discovered and he is said to have fallen into the stone pit with Silass money and Godfreys gold riding whip. Ironically he had fallen in the Stone pit where he had originally thought Silas was. One could say George Eliot gave Dunstan what he deserved and one could say that she did not and that Dunstan did not deserve to die. He did wrong to Silas, his brother Godfrey and his Familys name. He took pleasure in others pain and never stopped to think about how his actions effect someone else. Dunstan never considered doing a kind act while he was alive. He only considered doing wrong he deserved the punishment he received. Dunstan was given what he deserved but in an ironic way, he had convinced himself that Silas Marner had fallen and died in the stone pit but he was wrong and it ended up him falling in the stone pit and dying. In this way Dunstan is seen to be getting what he deserved. Godfrey I think does get what he deserves, he did wrong by not claiming Eppie and telling her she was his daughter, and he lied to his friends and family. Godfreys good intentions are rewarded along with the bad things he has done. He gets what he deserves like Eppie not wanting to be adopted by him. Silas, the man who does no wrong gets the most out of all the characters in the book. He was betrayed in the beginning and Eppie to make up for it. He ends up in the end keeping Eppie with him, getting his gold back and becoming a much more sociable person. He deserved good to happen to him especially after Dunstan stealing his gold. Silas deserved every good thing he got. With this in mind I have recognised that George Eliots has been fair and makes sure the characters get exactly what they deserve.

Immunology Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Immunology - Coursework Example In 1 sentence or less, explain what could explain the failure of this vaccine. 21. In 2002, Diane Mathis and colleagues discovered the function a molecule named AIRE that was critical for the prevention of multi-organ autoimmune disease. How would you best describe the function of AIRE? Vaccination refers to the injection of a microbe so as to accelerate the immune system to counter the microbe, thus preventing disease. Immunizations or Vaccinations, work through stimulation of the immune system. The fundamental concern, it is impractical to manage cellular processes to make sure that a virus that is replication-deficient will not naturally become replication-competent. If a virus turns into replication-competent, it possibly will re-acquire any characteristics of pathogenic connected to the wild-type germ and could lead to illness. Lymphocytes are believed to enter the lymph nodes through a cascade of steps. Step 1: Cells initially roll on and tether endothelium via selectin-mediated interactions; then go through a stimulated improvement in integrin activity (step 2. It then triggers them to abide firmly by endothelium through the connection of Ig super-family molecules of adhesion and integrins (step 3). The cells that are firmly attached then trail a chemoattractant incline into tissues (step 4). The integrins and selectins necessary for the first step involve L-selectin. Step 3 requires lymphocyte integrin LFA-1 (aLb2) that mediates firm adhesion through obliging to its ICAM-1, HEV-expressed counter-receptors. The molecules that are efficient in performing step 2 and step 4 functions are Chemokines. CD28 and CTLA-4 are homologs, which each bind B7; however, have opposing roles. Even though CD28 co-stimulates T cells, CTLA-4 prevents activation of T cells through blocking cell cycle progression and cytokine production. CTLA-4 is swiftly induced after activation of T cells and has remarkable inhibitory properties.

Photosynthesis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Photosynthesis - Essay Example The molecule is made up of a porphyrin ring with several carbon and nitrogen bonds and a magnesium ion in the center (Starr et al., 2009). The first part of photosynthesis is the light dependent reaction occurring in the thylakoid membrane. Here chlorophyll and other accessory pigments like beta carotene absorb different wavelengths of light in the antenna complex (Starr et al., 2009). When one chlorophyll pigment absorbs a photon of light in photosystem II, the molecule reaches a higher energy state, exciting its electron. This excitation results in the loss one electron which is then passed down the electron transport chain via electron carriers. The excited electron is transferred to another chlorophyll molecule in photosystem I creating a proton gradient. The transfer of electron results in the reduction of co-enzyme NADP to NADPH (Starr et al., 2009). The created energy also helps hydrogen ions to move across the thylakoid membrane. Also at the end of the proton gradient, the enzyme ATP synthase converts ADP to ATP by a process called photophosphorylation where the converted light energy will be stored (Starr et a l., 2009). A water molecule is also split though the process of photolysis resulting in an oxygen molecule and allowing the chlorophyll pigment to regain its lost electron. Therefore, at the end of the first cycle the resulting molecules are 3 ATP, 1 oxygen, and 2 NADPH (Starr et al., 2009). The second part of the process is called the light independent reaction and occurs in the stroma within the chloroplasts and is used to take the carbon dioxide molecule and convert it into sugar. Although, it doesn’t need the light, this part of photosynthesis relies on the products ATP and NADPH to drive its process, the Calvin cycle. The enzyme RuBisCO takes the carbon dioxide molecule and uses it to catalyze RuBP (Starr et al., 2009). The carbon dioxide combines with this 5-carbon molecule in a process called carbon fixation and produces 2