How useful are urban models to the modern geographer and urban planners?

An urban model is a simplification of a real city. They are used to help us understand more about real cities by showing patterns or processes which in real life may be complex and difficult to identify. They are applicable to a large number of cities rather than one particular city. They are based on the idea that there are similarities between cities. Geographers use these models to try and identify and explain urban spatial patterns and variations in their structure. Where as urban planners use the models to deal with real life situations such as deciding where to place a new motorway or deciding where to build a new business park. The first urban model to be produced was by Burgess in 1924 he attempted to explain the outward expansion of the city (Chicago) and the socioeconomic groupings of it inhabitants. He did this by splitting the city into five concentric zones: the central business district, transition zone, low class housing, medium class housing and high class housing. He devised these zones by the theory that individual compete with each other for the most favourable locations within the city. This competition was founded on the market for buildings and land: those who can afford the highest prices will get the best and most favourable land. This model could be useful to modern geographers as it could be used as a good starting point to look at the spatial variations of sections/zones within a town. It could also help to explain why people live where they do and why they live in certain groups. This model could be useful to modern urban planners as it could be used to describe the existing patterns of land use or city morphology and be compared to that of the modern morphology of a city in deciding where to place a certain building etc. due to the density of inhabitants in a certain area. It could also be used to measure land values and density within a city. Hoyt was the second producer of an urban model in 1939. He adapted on the same implicit assumptions that burgess had made but with adaptations. Hoyt's model was based on the mapping of eight housing variables for 142 cities in the USA. He tried to account for changes in, and the distribution of residential patterns. He had the addition of three new factors on the burgess model. He suggested that areas of the highest rent tended to be alongside main lines of communication and that the city grew in a series of wedges. He also said that once an area had developed a land use that it would remain that use as the city extended outwards. This model could be useful to modern geographers as it is a better adaptation of the burgess model. Meaning that extra factors have been taken into consideration such as the wealth and similar land uses. This could be more helpful as it makes more judgements on where and why variations will happen. Such as wealthy people can afford the highest rates so will have the best position and afford to buy cars so will live further from he Central business district. This model could be useful to modern urban planners as it is a better adaptation of the burgees model with extra factors taken into consideration. This could be helpful to a planner as it talks about land value and how similar land uses attract other similar land uses. This is helpful as a planner can locate where certain industries are and where to situate them. Also to know where the wealthy people are will help to know what services and transport routes are best targeted towards them Mann was the third producer of an urban model in 1965. He tried to adapt the Burgess and Hoyt models to three industrial towns in northern England. He made a compromise model that combined ideas of burgess concentric zone model with that of Hoyt's sectors model. He assumed that because of prevailing winds in northern Britain blow from the west, that the high class housing would be in the west and industry with its smoke, would be locate to the east of the central business district. This model could be useful to modern geographers as it combines the two theories of Hoyt and burgees resulting in a more complex and relevant model. It could be useful to see if industry does affect the position and distance of certain types of economic wealth. This model could be useful to modern urban planners as it combines the theories of Hoyt and burgees producing a more complex and applicable model. It could be useful in the location of industry and the construction of houses for different socio economic inhabitants. Ullman and Harris were the fourth producers of an urban model in 1945. They set out to produce a realistic model compared to those of Burgess and Hoyt but consequently they ended up with one that was more complex and this meant that the model was more descriptive then predictive. They said that a multiple nuclei needed to be developed as a response to the need for maximum accessibility to a centre, to keep certain types of land use apart and to show differences of land values, This model could be useful to modern geographers as it is more realistic to the modern world with its complexity. It could be useful to see if a town/city does actually follow the model with several nuclei. It also help to explain the inhabitants that commute to the central business district and see if they add to its density and population. This model could be useful to modern urban planners as it could help to locate bus routes and roads that were needed for the commuters and people who travel to work from the multiple nuclei. It could also help in the planning and placing of new houses for the people leaving the city to commute to work. In conclusion I think that urban models are very useful to modern geographers and planner's .I think that models are a good starting point for analysing the morphology of modern cities. These models were produced in the past so it is obvious that changes will have taken place such as technology, fashions and transport. This does not mean that the models cannot be of use. The principles can still remain with a little adaptation to the real modern world.

What Are the Main Causes of Food Insecurity in the World Today?

What are the main causes of food insecurity in the world today? Outline and evaluate 2 or 3 possible solutions to food insecurity problems Currently, millions of people across the globe suffer from under-nutrition and hunger. In 2007, the UN (United Nations) estimated that there are approximately 850 million people who suffer undernourishment in the world today. It also reported that 799 million undernourished people live in developing countries, most of which are on the African and Asian continents. Reportedly, the major contribution to this international issue has been food insecurity (FAO, 2008, p. 8). It affects people ranging from individual to national level with various causes, particularly neglect of agriculture and natural disaster in developing countries (FAO, 2005, no page given). This essay will identify two main causes of food insecurity which have been said above and also it will outline and evaluate two possible solutions to food insecurity problems: improving agriculture and humanitarian aid system. It is necessary to define the meaning of food security before its causes can be considered. Commonly, the concept of food insecurity is the state of being unable to have both physical and economic access to enough and nutritious food (WHO, 2008). Socially, people who are in this state often cannot maintain household food supplies and suffer from under nutrition (FAO, 2005). This situation prevails when nations lack sustainable access to sufficient, safe and, nutritious food for productive and health living (WHO, 2008). According to an on-line journal by Getachew (2008, no page given), neglect of agriculture has been ascribed as the major cause of food insecurity from short-term shocks. Other search illustrates that natural disasters can have significant impacts on food security from long-term shocks (FAO, 2005). Millions of people around the world are affected on food insecurity by various issues especially downgrading agriculture and natural disaster. Having outlined the definition of food security, it is now possible to consider the main causes of food insecurity. There are various factors that contribute to food insecurity in different parts of the world. First, neglect of agriculture especially in developing countries is such a key ause of chronic food insecurity (Makoni, 2010, no page given). According to Khasnobis (2009, p230), the amount of foreign aid allocated to agricultural activities has decreased from 19 per cent in 1980 to 4. 5 per cent in 2009. Nevertheless, only a few governments have attained the 2003 Maputo Declaration which required every nation to allocate 10 per cent of its budget to agriculture. It can be said that this has consequently led to poor infrastructure, along with poor food-storage facilities, which risk such nations in suffering food shortage in case of crop failure. Indeed, food insecurity is likely to be greater in areas with lower agricultural knowledge (USDA, 2010, no page given). According to an on-line article by Makoni (2010, no page given), 80 percent of population in Africa depend on agriculture and people become more poor because of low productivity and consequently, 30 percent suffer from hunger daily. Therefore, it could be argued that this evidence illustrates that chronic neglect of agriculture can lead to low productivity, poverty, and eventually chronic food insecurity. Secondly, natural disasters can be considered as another major cause of food insecurity. According to an on-line article in FAO (2008, no page given), in the past two decades, the number of sudden onset natural disasters including floods, hurricanes and earthquakes has increased dramatically from 14 per cent in the 1980s to 27 per cent since 2000. In the result of this, the number of food insecurity has increased sharply during the same period (FAO, 2008, no page given). Food security is affected by natural disasters through its impact on local and national food systems. Recently, the impact of natural disasters has created a fall in agricultural product prices and therefore this current price led to inconvenient conditions for farmers in developing countries (FAO, 2002, no page given). Under the circumstance, producers use less money for improvements on the nature of farming land such as fertilizers and manure which are normally not affordable by poor farmers (FAO, 2002, no page given). Thus it causes a bad effect on food production in developing countries and eventually food insecurity. Moreover, when natural disasters occur, poor households suffer great economic losses, resulting in deepening their poverty further. These losses can trap them in food insecurity. As a result, it seems that natural disasters are one of the causes of food insecurity. Now, the remainder of this essay will discuss solutions for the two causes of food insecurity which have been argued above. In order to solve food insecurity problems, improving agriculture can be one of the solutions. International donors and the government in developing countries had neglected agriculture for a long period and it causes food insecurity. In 2008, the World Bank, in its annual development report, admitted that greater investment in agriculture is needed to solve food insecurity problems (Makoni, 2010, no page given). Investment in agriculture can make the governments to ensure that farm materials and equipment are available to farmers at fair prices. Moreover, government is also able to ensure that farmers in the rural areas have easy and convenient access to the necessary farming requirements (FAO, 2008, no page given). This can be achieved by setting up stores for supplying these materials and equipment in every region at strategic places (Khasnobis, 2009, p231). Thus, it can be said that improving agriculture including investment for the availability of materials and equipment can allow people to record high productivity and it leads to solve food insecurity problems. However, it requires an enormous amount of investment in these materials and equipment and so it is not a constructive solution if the developing countries assets are in a bad shape. Furthermore, it is essential to address that climate change problems still affect on agriculture improvement in developing countries even the governments invest in these materials and equipment. Recently, impact of climate change on food production in developing countries has been increasing and at this rate, its impact will be double by 2060 (FAO, 1996, no page given). This means that it is also necessary to invest in agriculture to increase the resilience of present food production systems due to climate change problems. For example, investment in drip systems and sprinklers enables farmers to produce more food with less water (Postel, 2001, no page given). However, it is a long term solution and a large amount of funds is needed to offer these systems to every farmer. It could be said that investment in agricultural materials and equipment is one of the solutions to solve the food insecurity problems, and it should be concerned that investment to improve the food production systems is also needed because of climatic changes. However, a large amount of funds and time is needed for these solutions so, it can be said that these solutions are not so practical for food insecurity problems. Secondly, improving humanitarian aid system for natural disasters can be another solution for food insecurity due to the fact that natural disasters cause food insecurity. When natural disasters happen in developing countries, it causes the direct physical damages on crops and the indirect impacts especially, loss of potential production due to deteriorated the nature of farming land, and increased productions cost (UN, 2008). Thus, when natural disasters especially sudden onset disasters happen, the immediate humanitarian aid, particularly medical support, relief supplies and food aid for disaster refugees is needed as it causes food insecurity eventually. According to an on-line article in Oxfam International (2009, no page given), the number of people affected by national disasters will increase by 54 per cent to 375 million people in the next five years. However, the aid response is fickle, too little and not good enough. One of the reasons for this is political preferences make aid unfair (Oxfam, 2009, no page given). For example, in 2004, while an average of only $23 was spent for each victim of the crisis in Chad, an average of $1,241 was spent per person affected by the Asian tsunami (Oxfam, 2009, no page given). Therefore, it is essential to improve the immediate aid system promptly without political preferences so that it is possible to prevent the agricultural damages from spreading. As it is mentioned earlier, backward aid for natural disasters is important to prevent agricultural damages. Moreover, proactive aid is also needed to prepare for disasters to decrease the damage from it (Oxfam, 2009, no page given). Investment for researching data on past natural disasters can be one of the examples. It is an effective but not easy solution without the help of national governments. The United Nations should propose some ideas for improvement of proactive aid. It is a solution with long-term effects which reduce the impact of natural disasters and mitigate food insecurity. Food insecurity is highly dependent on agricultural production and is caused by natural disasters. Therefore, both an immediate aid and a proactive aid for disasters are needed to solve food insecurity problems. It is necessary that national governments help to improve these aid systems. In conclusion, this essay has identified that neglect of agriculture and natural disaster are the main causes of food insecurity today. Both of these causes lead to great economic losses, poverty and eventually food insecurity in developing countries. These causes are not directly related to food insecurity. However, they indirectly cause the major people’s food insecurity problems. In order to solve food insecurity problems, improving agriculture by investing for agricultural materials and present food production systems could be one of the major solutions. Another solution for food insecurity is improving immediate and proactive aid systems. Thus, it could be argued that both long-term and short-term solutions are needed for food insecurity problems.

States of Consciousness Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

States of Consciousness - Research Paper Example While altered states of consciousness are generally associated with drug use, they also involve meditation and hypnosis. This essay presents a thorough research on these aspects of consciousness. Meditation Meditation is understood as the mode of inducing a specific state of consciousness to achieve a mental benefit. While meditation has a connotation as being a somewhat mystical or new age like experience, in reality it is an ancient practice that has been shown to have positive mental health benefits. In the previous few decades meditation has gradually gained acceptance in the Western world with increasing numbers of individuals and medical practitioners practicing some form of meditation. In terms of medical research, a plethora of studies have examined the physical and mental effects of meditation on human consciousness. In these regards studies have found tangible evidence demonstrating that meditation impacts changes in metabolism, blood pressure, brain activation, and other b odily processes, as well as being implemented in a number of means for stress, pain, and anxiety reduction (Newberg & Iversen, 2003). While meditation has been demonstrated to have beneficial mental effects, what actually constitutes meditation or a meditative state is defined differently among researchers. Wood, Wood & Boyd (2009, pg. 167) understand meditation as, â€Å"a group of techniques that involve focusing attention on an object, a word, one’s breathing, or one’s body movements in an effort to block out all distractions, to enhance well-being, and enact an altered state of consciousness.† This approach to meditation is that which is generally most recognized among Western medical practitioners and psychological professionals. This understanding is oftentimes augmented by an increased emphasis on the attention of the meditator, with Goleman (1988) stating, â€Å"the need for the meditator to retrain his attention, whether through concentration or mindfu lness, is the single invariant ingredient in... every meditation system.† Other researchers have identified the Eastern connotations of the term and recognize its contextual significance within a number of religious or spiritual practices. In these regards, meditation functions to achieve a sort of spiritual enlightenment or transcendence. In terms of Western implementations of meditation there are a variety of practices and corresponding medical research. One of the most prominent meditation practices in the United States is mindfulness based meditation. While influenced by ancient meditative traditions, mindfulness based meditation was popularized in the United States through the work of Jon Kabat-Zinn at the University of Massachusetts Medical Center. This form of meditation is greatly influenced by Eastern traditions, most specifically Buddhism, in that it emphasizes non-judgmental self-awareness. This approach has been articulated as a, â€Å"form of naturalistic observa tion, or participant-observation, in which the objects of observation are the perceptible mental phenomena that normally arise during waking consciousness" (Grossman, Niemann, Schmidt & Walach). Much research has been conducted on this form of meditation with many studies indicating that mindfulness based meditation has beneficial effects on stress and anxiety. In addition, it has also been

Answer the question below Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer the question below - Essay Example As described by Berbatov, Hitler had a strategic plan of achieving his goal through developing a political slogan and spirit among the Germans that absorbed everybody to act along a particular line (Murray and Allan 63-4). It is evident that Hitler and his advisors resorted to various ways of eliminating its opponents and identified subjects. The best approach was to institute the Germany army into its Nazi machinery. With the help of Propaganda and tactical incitement of the Germans against the Jews and other alleged inferior races, the Nazi army was motivated to commit widespread atrocities that are estimated to have cost about 12 million lives. Berbatov’s understanding of the German army operations in the battle field and concentration camps explores the source of the mass killings that revolutionized the socio-economic and political face of the world into the modern times. The greed for power and craving desire to bring new order to the world by Hitler significantly explained his relentless efforts to champion for communism through Nazi operations. Berbatove explains how the German’s were brainwashed and recruited into Nazi soldiers with one goal of restoring their lost glory in the world socio-political and economic position (Murray and Allan 65-7). This spirit of pure German blood being diluted by the Jews brought tension which explains the mass killing of people in geographic ally dispersed concentration camps and military battle against allied forces of the West, United Kingdom among others. It is therefore clear that Berbatov’s assertion on the significance of Nazi army on the committed crime against humanity by Hitler is true. The Battle of Atlantic gained pace after the fall of France in 1941 as the principle power in the Atlantic waters. The Germans had direct access to Atlantic waters with their well-armed and sophisticated submarines. This posed a

Messoud Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Messoud - Assignment Example There were several research papers written in this regard. One of the significant literatures in this case was that of Beverley R. Lord, titled as â€Å"Strategic Management Accounting: The Emperor’s New Clothes?† The title itself is a strong evidence of what the literature is actually aiming at. Inclusively, Beverley R. Lord in her literature intended to evaluate the theoretical aspect of the concept and compare its effectiveness with few real life examples. This was due to the fact that the author realised that despite numerous journals, essays and literatures based on the concept there were only a handful of examples related to the implication of the concept. Strategic Management Accounting with its given attributes, uniting the theory of management accounting with strategic planning makes it a complex and debatable concept. Thereby, gathering all the features of the concept and relating it with its implication in a single literature is indeed difficult. However, in the literature, the author, Beverley R. Lord has tried to bring all these aspects together (Lord, 1996). Advantages and limitations of any paper, especially research paper highly depends on the personal knowledge and belief of the author(s). In this context, the author, Beverley R. Lord is a professional acquiring the position of the Department Head of Accounting and Information Systems in the University of Canterbury. Her research interests are concentrated on the issues related to fresh management accounting approaches, the accounting techniques used in different organisations along with the history and education of the accounting concept. Her few recent publications include, ‘Assessing the Implementation of Institutional Change in Local Government: Christchurch City Council and the Long Term Community Council Plan’, ‘Management accounting change in a Chinese state-owned enterprise: an

Super Bowl Ads Do They Work Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Super Bowl Ads Do They Work - Research Paper Example Because of such high viewership of Super Bowl, it serves as a unique platform for advertisers and marketers to sell their product. The commercial airtime during Super Bowl broadcast is most expensive and therefore, companies create their most unique and expensive advertisements to be aired during Super Bowl game. As a result, watching and discussing the broadcast's commercials has become a significant aspect of the event. DATA ON COSTS In 2011, Super Bowl game had the largest television audience of a U.S. program ever and therefore, companies willingly paid up to $3 million for a 30 second slot during Super Bowl broadcast. This year the viewership of the Super Bowl game reached 111 million people, some of which tuned in to watch the game, while many of the others tuned in to only watch the commercials. The high price tag of the commercials assures that they will be spectacular and innovative in most cases. The commercials are often highly anticipated, generating much buzz even before the game is played usually because of their innovation or sense of humor. (Reporter, 2011) WHY SPEND THE ADVERTISING DOLLARS Thomas Harpointner, CEO of the e-business and interactive consulting company AIS Media, says "The Super Bowl commercials are the most talked-about commercials on the planet," he said. "And that's what makes the commercials and the opportunity to advertise on the Super Bowl so special. So for a company that is just launching, or launching a new product line, or is making a big company shift, the Super Bowl offers a unique platform." (Schy, 2010) Therefore, companies avail this opportunity of Super Bowl platform to advertise their product even at a very high cost. They make special and high budget ads to be aired specially during Super Bowl game, which has also made Super Bowl advertising as one of the most watched out time of the year for marketers as well. EXPLORATION OF SOME SUCCESSFUL COMPANIES SUCCESS OF PEPSI CO. SUPER BOWL ADS In 2010, for the first time in 23 years Pepsi did not run an ad during the Super Bowl itself despite the fact that it was the official NFL sponsor. However, in 2011, Pepsi Co. became one of the game's biggest ad spenders when it bought three 30-second Pepsi Max spots, along with three spots for Doritos in the game on Fox. This marked the partnership of Pepsi Co.’s Doritos and Pepsi Max brands to launch a campaign in which consumers were to submit ads for the slots to be run during Super Bowl broadcast. Entrants will submit creative ads via a dedicated site at crashthesuperbowl.com, out of which ten ads will be shortlisted and announced in January. Then, consumers will vote for their favorite ads after which PepsiCo executives would be selecting the final two ads. Each of the ten finalists will receive $25,000 in prize money and a trip to Dallas to attend the game in a private luxury suite. The six winners will be awarded a maximum of $5 million, depending on the success of their ads in USA Today's Ad M eter panel, and a contract to create additional ads for the two brands in 2011. The idea turned out to be in favor of Pepsi Co. as according to Ace Metrix, analytics agency, the Pepsi ads scored higher than most beer brands, says CEO Peter Daboll, "certainly Doritos and Pepsi Max are the anti-celebrity ads. I mean, basically, people filmed these in their garages, and they actually did better than some of the high-priced ads

Hollywood in the 1970s choose one question to answer from below Essay - 1

Hollywood in the 1970s choose one question to answer from below - Essay Example An era perceived as post-classical Hollywood came into being after retrenchment and recuperation took place (Hillier, 1993). This introduced new stylistic methods aimed at focusing on issues of women and society, marked by industrial restructuring, new cinema presentation modes, as well as aesthetic transformations (Kolker, 1980,2000 ). Hollywood movies exhibited the issues of feminism early in the 1970s informing the public by using movies like Women’s Liberation, Vietnam War as well as Movement of Civil Rights and many others. The 1970s era saw a great increase in movies dealing with feminist related themes, creating awareness and a new level of women roles in the film industry (Kolker, 1980,2000 ). Women taking lead roles in films became prominent, showing how women had recognized their importance and wanted to eliminate the gaps and difference created in society between them and men particularly noted as portrayed in many movies of Hollywood. (Williams, 2006). The movies as well tried to eradicate the traditional notion that females acted on films only purposely to fulfil men’s sexual desires. (Hillier, 1993). This act of portraying females is seen being particularly more pronounced in so many popular movies of Hollywood. (Corrigan, 1991) Bonnie and Clyde (1967) and Alice Doesn’t Live Here Anymore (1974) both depict the current changing position of women in Hollywood. Bonnie and Clyde puts a strong emphasis on women, in an era dominated by men. Alice Doesn’t Live Here Anymore, reflects on Alice playing multiple roles in an attempt to gain independence from male characters as well as accomplish self-realization. Emphasizing the common treatment of women and men were considered products of the new feminism wave launched in Hollywood, (Wood, 1986) making both movies to win awards. Bonnie and Clyde puts a focus on an era when feminist issues like sexuality became more pronounced in

Microscope Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Microscope - Lab Report Example Bright field microscope is also called as student microscope. Bright field microscope can be used to study live micro organisms and pre- prepared slides. (Fixed stained smears). (Bain 2008). Bright Field Microscope: In this lab bright field microscope is used. The main parts of the microscope are lens system, revolving nose piece, stage, condenser and Iris diaphragm, light source, course focusing knob and fine focusing knob. The lens system consists of ocular and objectives. Ocular lens is the eye piece lens through which the specimen is viewed. Oculars have a magnifying power of 10 x in student microscope and the level of magnification is marked in the ocular. (Bisen and Sharma 2012). There are three objectives with different magnifying power. The scanning objective has the shortest magnifying power of 4x and it is the lowest magnifying power in a microscope. This lens is used to locate the specimen in the slide and to observe the large structures. The low power objective has the ma gnifying power of 10 x and used to observe the smaller structures at little detail. The high power objective of the student microscope has the longest objective and magnifying power of this objective is 40 x. fine details about the specimen are studied using this high power objective. (Bisen and Sharma 2012). The revolving nose piece has the objectives. The objectives with different magnifying power are chosen using this revolving nose piece. The stage is the flat surface on present below the objective on which the specimen is mounted. The centre of the stage has an opening through which the light passes on the specimen. (Bain 2008). The stage is mechanical and geared. The mechanical stage can be... In this lab bright field microscope is used. The main parts of the microscope are lens system, revolving nose piece, stage, condenser and Iris diaphragm, light source, course focusing knob and fine focusing knob. The lens system consists of ocular and objectives. Ocular lens is the eye piece lens through which the specimen is viewed. Oculars have a magnifying power of 10 x in student microscope and the level of magnification is marked in the ocular. (Bisen and Sharma 2012). There are three objectives with different magnifying power. The scanning objective has the shortest magnifying power of 4x and it is the lowest magnifying power in a microscope. This lens is used to locate the specimen in the slide and to observe the large structures.   The low power objective has the magnifying power of 10 x and used to observe the smaller structures at little detail. The high power objective of the student microscope has the longest objective and magnifying power of this objective is 40 x. fin e details about the specimen are studied using this high power objective.   The revolving nose piece has the objectives. The objectives with different magnifying power are chosen using this revolving nose piece. The stage is the flat surface on present below the objective on which the specimen is mounted. The centre of the stage has an opening through which the light passes on the specimen. (Bain 2008). The stage is mechanical and geared. The mechanical stage can be move to obtain the better resolution.

Racial Cultural perceptions of Registered Nurses associated with Dissertation

Racial Cultural perceptions of Registered Nurses associated with screening for PPD - Dissertation Example PPD belongs to a spectrum of psychiatric disorders experienced by women which ranges in severity from maternal blues, which is short-lived lasing from a few hours to a few days, to postpartum psychosis, which is the most severe disorder belonging to this group (Halbreich & Karkun, 2006). The prevalence of postpartum depression varies amongst different socioeconomic, racial, cultural and age groups and can range from 10%-15% in the general population (Driscoll, 2006), to as high as 37% amongst women belonging to lower socioeconomic strata (Segre, O'Hara, Arndt, & Beck, 2010) and 48%, in the adolescent age group (Driscoll, 2006). PPD is thought to occur from interplay between a variety of different factors which can be broadly categorized into three main categories, viz. Biological/Physiological factors, Psychological factors and Social/Cultural factors (Nahas & Amasheh, 1999; Callister, Beckstrand, & Corbet, 2010). Cultural and social factors have been found to play an important role in the etiology of PPD. This has several implications in the screening, diagnosis and treatment of PPD. Since nurses play a pivotal role in screening and diagnosis of postpartum psychiatric disorders, they should be aware of the role of culture in the causation and screening of PPD and should provide ‘Transcultural Care’ as proposed by Leininger (Leininger, 1998). This paper discusses the several cultural factors involved in the causation of PPD, the role of nurses in providing screening and treatment services for women regarding PPD during the postpartum period and the racial cultural perceptions of Registered Nurses regarding the screening for PPD. Etiology of PPD As discussed above, the etiology of PPD is multifactorial. It was previously postulated that PPD was exclusively biological in nature, caused by the drop in the levels of different hormones such as estrogen and progesterone in the body of the mother occurring after the delivery of the baby (Driscoll, 2006). Other biologic/physiological factors implicated in the etiology of PPD include genetic predisposition and physiological disturbances occurring as a result of sleep deprivation, amongst others. However, it has been now elucidated that PPD results from interplay between biologic and environmental factors, including and not limited to, social and cultural factors. Some of cultural factors which have been found to contribute towards the causation of PPD include a history of pre-existing depression in the mother, lack of social support, belonging to a low socioeconomic status, untoward or difficult pregnancy, history of stresses occurring during the postpartum period such as those associated with child care or an infant born with health issues, difficult family relationships, maternal age at the time of delivery and the gender of the newborn, since sons are more desirable than daughters in certain cultures and the birth of a daughter is associated with significant psychological distress (Driscoll, 2006; Goldbort, 2006). As depicted above, cultural influences contribute significantly in the causation of PPD. Thus, any strategies which are aimed at either screening, diagnosing and treating PPD should be tailored in a culturally appropriate manner. The role of Registered Nurses in the management of PPD Nurses play a significant role in the

Custom Made Cranial Implants Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Custom Made Cranial Implants - Dissertation Example Other disadvantages of using autografting include donor site morbidity, tissue harvesting difficulties, and high chances of contagion to both the recipient and donor site. Moreover, such drawbacks include additional surgeries to ensure reabsorption of the graft and the availability of highly skilled surgeons to undertake the extensive procedure. Cranial injuries can be because of traumas, fractures, infections or degenerative diseases (Hallermann et al 10). Often, the bone layer remains expansively damaged to an extent that the tissues cannot regenerate and reintegrate to reinstate the patient’s appearance. This has thus prompted the use of cranial implants. Cranial implants are able to specifically adapt to the region of implantation, reduce the surgical time and reinstate the appearance of the patient. Scientists have developed preoperative techniques to enable the surgeons to plan effectively for the surgery and to prepare models for the cranial implants. Visualization techniques have remained greatly embraced to ensure that these preoperative measures are attained (Kozakiewicz et al 32). Computer-assisted design and computer-assisted manufacturing systems are the recent computational techniques that have made the visualization more effective (Kozakiewicz et al 34). Manufacture of the custom-made cranial implants can occur in a number of ways, for example, the use of 3D modeling, radiolucent or electron beam melting technology. They all aim at eliminating the constraints, which have been previously associated with cranial facial surgeries in the past years such as the internal structure, size, shape and mechanical properties of the patient (Schilickewei and Schilickewei et al 15). Cranial implants can be manufactured from a variety of alloplastic materials such as 2 titanium. The material used to make the implant determines its success and longevity of the surgery.

Theme Of Women In Different Artistic Periods Essay Example for Free

Theme Of Women In Different Artistic Periods Essay Baroque, Rococo, Neoclassical, and Romantic are all artistic movements of centuries past.   It is through the artistic movements that one can capture a glimpse of society and the way life was lived during that time.   Thoughts and feelings are exposed as well as facts are captured by the artist.   It is as if time stands still and one can experience the past with these works of art. This is especially true when a theme or subject is used in art from different time periods.    One can see how the view of the subject has changed or stayed the same.   One theme that has evolved over time is the subject of women.   Their complexities, mysteries, and roles in society have been studied throughout the ages.   That is why they have been a favorite point of interest for artist.   If an artist can capture the essence of a woman, then he/she can capture life.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Baroque Period was the earliest of these artistic movements.   It came after the European Renaissance and spanned the whole seventeenth century.   Although some features appear in Dutch art, the Baroque style was limited mainly to Catholic countries. It is a style in which painters, sculptors, and architects sought emotion, movement, and variety in their works.1   Baroque art was basically an answer to the Catholic Reformation.   The objective of the church was to communicate the emotions of the biblical stories in art.   The church desired that the patrons who were illiterate to be able to view the art and understand the story and feel the emotions that they could not comprehend because of their lack of reading.   The wealthy patrons had a different purpose for the art they commissioned and this was to impress others. _____________________ Artlex. Baroque.   2008 http://www.artlex.com The focus of the paintings were to be dramatic and to tell a story that would appeal to the senses.   The realism in the art of this period was incredible.   The subjects were multidimensional as well as the textures accurate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   An excellent example of art from the Baroque Period is Young Girl Writing a Love Letter by the Italian painter Pietro Rotari.   The painting was completed in seventeen fifty-five so it was done in the middle of the period which would represent the peak of the artistic movement. Young Girl Writing a Love Letter is not a painting with a religious theme, but Rotari did paint many that were.   Instead, he chose a young woman for his subject. Even though the theme is different than most Baroque art, the young woman has a dreamy, almost angelic quality and expression on her face.   There is a purity about her that reminds one of the Virgin Mary.   She is resting her head on her hand while she gazes off into the distance while contemplating just the right words to write to her lover.   However, one can tell from her innocent face that even though she is in love, she her motives are pure.   The treatment of women as a theme in art during the Baroque Period truly reflects the religious focus during that time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rotari’s style is typical of the Baroque Period.   His painting of Young Girl Writing a Love Letter is realistic. The young woman’s hair is painted so that it gives the appearance of her hair having strands with a few wisp of stray hairs that have fallen out of her neatly pulled back hairstyle.   The silk fabric of her dress is realistically shown through the use of lights and darks.   Even the wood of the desk is painted using perspectives so that it has a three dimensional look.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Rococo was the eighteenth century’s answer to the Baroque movement.   As Baroque concentrated on religious figures and themes, the artist of the Rococo Period focused on the wealthy aristocracy.   The ornamental, graceful curves, delicate colors, and anything of elegance were the markings of the period.   The aristocracy wanted to be the focus of the art instead of heroes from history and the Bible.   The movement originated in France during the reign of Louis XV.   The architecture and furnishings of the day were also representative the movement.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the foremost painters during the Rococo Period was Jean Marc Nattier.   He was a French painter who, at fifteen, painted for Peter the Great, but he was a member of King Louis XV’s court and mainly painted for him.   Many of his paintings are still in France and still displayed at the Louvre. Mythological portraiture allowed Nattier to synthesize his desire to be a history painter with the financial necessity of making a living, for portraits were in demand. After the 1740s, as tastes began to change, Nattier created more straightforward representations. Financial problems and illness finally caused him to stop painting in 1762. (Getty Museum) An excellent example of Jean Marc Nattier’s work is the painting Portrait of a Young Woman Painter.   The young woman is obviously an aristocrat because is adorned in a lavish yet delicate dress with a carefree look on her face as she gazes out at the painting.   She has a face that is fragile as though it has never seen the sun, hard work, or bad and troublesome thoughts. Her hand is rested on her head in a ladylike pose while her smile is faint.   She holds her palette as if she is not serious about painting.   In fact, she looks as like there is nothing that really interest her. She is graceful and her curves are sensual as the open neckline of her dress.   The background is muted as are the colors of the portrait.   It is not bright and vivid as the paintings of the Baroque Period. The artist deals with the subject of a young woman as mystical.   She does not standout in any way because of the muted shades, but simply fades into the background.   Her palette that should have vibrant colors on them, but they are varying shades of the background.   This symbolizes that a woman considering an occupation is just a frivolous idea that is fleeting.   Instead of angelic as women were portrayed in the Baroque Period, the woman depicted in the Rococo movement is seen more as a status symbol.   It is as if she only exist to prove that the man in her life can afford her.   She would be his proof that by pampering her, he has the means to sustain his social position.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Following the Rococo Period was the Neoclassical movement which focused on the classical forms of the ancient Greek and Roman works of art. Neo-classicism was a style that emerged in Britain and France in the 1750s. Artists and architects sought to create an eternally valid true style that could be expressed across all areas of the visual arts. The style was based on the designs of Classical Greece and Rome. A major source of inspiration came from archaeological discoveries such as those made at Herculaneum and Pompeii which brought the ancient world to life. (Learn About Style) Patriotism, heroism, courage, and sacrifice were elements of the Neoclassical Period.   This movement stated in the seventeen fifties, and lasted well into the eighteen hundreds.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Marie-Louise Lebrun, also known as Élisabeth-Louise Vigà ©e-Le Brun, was a famous portrait artist during the Neoclassic Period.   Her paintings were simple and pure as was popular during the period.   Her well known painting, Portrait of Theresa, Countess Kinsky is typical of the Neoclassical design. There is a landscape that is faded into the background so that the focus is on the Countess. Her head is wrapped in a long flowing cloth that is reminiscent of the loose draping of the ancient Greeks and Romans.   The dress is of a deep midnight blue that draws the eye to the classic lines of the clothing.   Her demeanor is of a woman that is knowledgeable and intense.   The Countess is has a striking pose that draws immediate attention to her.   Her eyes are piercing while her smile is alluring.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The theme of woman in this picture is unique in that the subject is a female seen through the eyes of another female. It is amazing how Lebrun presents a woman of obvious strength that is not seen in the previous paintings.   The Countess is a confident compelling subject.   There is power in the expression of her countenance.   Her intellect is shown as a positive element that only adds to her beauty.   In reality this womans life was rather tragic. Her husband left her at the altar after their wedding and went to his mistress. Given the beauty of Theresa, the Countess, one wonders about the personalities of the people involved.1   Ã‚  A woman who lived the life of the Countess would have to have been strong and command the attention of Lebrun, who was a professional woman and was also a symbol of strength.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Romantic Period encompassed the first half of the nineteenth century.   The artist of the day concentrated on emotion, the supernatural, and the glorification of nature.   _____________________ Countess Kinsky. 2008. http://hal.ucr.edu/~cathy/artists/evlb93.html Romantics were more emotional, usually melancholic, even melodramatically tragic.1  Ã‚   There was more of an attention to the exotic that the ancient Greece and Rome.   There was also a fascination of horror.   It was definitely different from artistic period in the past.   One could not help but be drawn into the emotional state of the subject because it was the objective of the Romantic artist to completely convey the emotion of the subject of his/her art.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The talented Thà ©odore Chassà ©riau was characteristic of the Romantic Period.   He started painting at a young age and was a master painter by the time he reached adulthood.   The Angel, by Chassà ©riau, is unlike any of the angels painted in earlier artistic periods.   The angel is either on earth or a place that has a similar landscape.   The prominent tree trunk, the colorful fall foliage of the tree leaves, and the lush green underbrush are typical of the Romantic focus on the glorification of nature. The light fluffy clouds add to the effect.   The angelic being depicted on earth is an example of spotlight on the supernatural.   The expression of deep concern and pain is on the face of the being which is opposite of what most think of angels who are thought to be creatures of peace, love, and protection.   However, this angel is in hurting in some way.   The clothing is realistic, but the hair and feathers of the angel are more fantastic than real.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The angel is depicted as a woman in the painting The Angel.   It sets the tone that women were seen as heavenly beings during the period.   They were not seen as equal to men, yet men saw them as mysterious.   The fact that this angel is distressed displays to _____________________   Artlex. Baroque.   2008 http://www.artlex.com the viewer that heaven might not be what the world expected it to be.   As women are stereotypically emotional people, the angel is definitely female.   In the Bible, the angels have male names, yet Chassà ©riau, like others of his day, portrayed it as female. Women were seen as the ones who were immensely emotional.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Women have been the subject of art ever since there was art.   They are intriguing and beguiling.   Each artistic period was representative of society’s view of women.   It is a way to freeze a moment in time.   It is an interesting idea to examine how the place of woman in society has evolved over time. Bibliography Chassà ©riau, Theodore.   The Angel. 1840. Countess Kinsky.   http://hal.ucr.edu/~cathy/artists/evlb93.html Getty Museum. Artist.   http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=459 Learn About Style. Neoclassicism. http://www.vam.ac.uk/vastatic/microsites/british_galleries/bg_styles/Style05a/index.html Lebrun, Marie, Louise. Portrait of Theresa, Countess Kinsky. 1793. Nattier, Jean Marc. Portrait of a Young Woman Painter.   1740. Rotari, Pietro.   Young Woman Writing a Love Letter.   1755.

Self balancing vehicle

Self balancing vehicle 1.Introduction 1.1. Introduction Research on two wheeled, self balancing vehicle is gaining momentum in many laboratories around the world and has made many developments based on it. Balancing carts are defined by their ability to balance on two wheels and spin on the spot similar to an inverted pendulum. It has been the subject of many researches around the world ever since people started investigating the concept of inverted pendulum system. Many forms and functions of a two wheeled cart have been developed and modified, due to its high manoeuvrability, two wheeled balancing cart has been investigated and developed to become a human transport machine. The Segway, Pegasus, and iBot models are such examples of the design of two wheeled balancing robot as a human transport machine. Balancing of a two wheel cart is a non linear control problem which is quite complex to solve in a methodological approach due to two degrees of freedom, i.e. the balancing cart position and angle using only one control input force. The control principle simply involves driving the wheels of the cart in the direction where the body is falling. It has the same principles as balancing a broom stick on the palm of a hand, a person balancing the stick moves the hand in the direction that the stick is falling The scope of this thesis is to design a controller and develop the hardware for the two wheeled cart such that the cart can stay in an upright position while the cart is in a static position or moving. Apart from the above, the thesis will look into the suitability and performance of different types of linear state space controllers namely the Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR), pole placement controller and state observer design in balancing the system. 1.2. Literature Review The wide application of technology derived from the very concept of inverted pendulum has lead to many researches being carried out by many researchers and robot enthusiasts around the world. This chapter provides a review on some vital topics related to the balancing of a two wheeled robot as well as some of the existing human transporters, 1.2.1. Segway The Segway PT is a two-wheeled, self-balancing electric vehicle invented by Dean Kamen. It is produced by Segway Inc. of New Hampshire, USA. The working of the Segway is based on a new technology termed dynamic stabilization, i.e. it uses the bodys movement to enable the Segway to perform its function. For instance, to move forward or backward, the rider has to lean in the required direction, similarly, for left-right movement, the Leansteer frame is turned in the required direction. The dynamics of Segway PT are also based on the concept of the inverted pendulum. It consists of electric motors powered by Valence Technology and phosphate based lithium ion batteries, two tilt sensors and 5 gyroscopes. The servo drive motors rotate the wheels forward or backwards as needed for balance or propulsion. 1.2.2. Self Balancing Scooter Trevor Blackwell built a self-balancing scooter similar to the Segway HT that was completed in 2002. There are two models of the scooter built by Trevor Blackwell and the control system of the vehicle are summarized below, Model 1: The scooter is powered by Remote Control (RC) car battery packs. The packs provide a power source that can support the high discharge rate demanded by the motors. The control system of the vehicle is run from an 8-bit Atmel microcontroller using Proportional Derivative (PD) control with feedback from a piezo electric rate gyroscope. The gain parameters can be tuned by hand while actually using the vehicle. The motors are controlled by the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) signals from the motor driver. Steering is done by making one wheel go faster than the other. Because all the mass is centered between the wheels, it can spin around quite quickly. The steering system adds and subtracts a small percentage of power from the motors depending on the current speed of the vehicle Model 2: This model is an improvisation of the first model. It is designed to be much smoother, lighter and faster than the first model. Roboteq dual channel motor controller used in the first model is replaced with an OSMC (Open Source Motor Controller) driving each wheel independently. The OSMC can supply from 13V to 50V at 160A continuous and 400A peak while the major advantage stems from the processing time which is in the order of one or two milliseconds compared to tens of milliseconds with the previously used Roboteq motor controller. The gyroscope system used in the first model is replaced with a gyroscope/accelerometer assembly that has significantly less noise and less susceptible to vibrations. This model includes a Bluetooth connection such that the scooter can be driven remotely while balancing. 1.2.3. JOE le Pendule Felix, Grasser (2002) built a revolutionary two-wheeled vehicle called the JOE. It consists of two coaxial wheels with each wheel coupled to a DC motor. This configuration enables the vehicle to do stationary U-turns. The control system consists of two state space controllers which drives the motors so as to keep the system in equilibrium while in motion. In order to reduce cost as well as danger for the test pilots a scaled down prototype carrying a weight instead of a driver was built (Grasser et al). The implemented control system is the pole placement control. JOEs performance can be further enhanced by varying the pole placement in real time depending on the states and inputs of the system. The implementation of these controllers can be seen in papers published by Nakajima et al. (1997), Shiroma et al. (1996), Takahashi et al. (2001) and Grasser et al (2002). 1.2.4 LegWay EquiBot Steve Hassenplugs Lego based LegWay uses two Electro-Optical Proximity Detectors to balance and detect and follow lines. This robot uses Infrared Proximity detectors to deduce the tilt angle of the robot. Another robot similar to the Legway is the Equibot by Dan Piponi. Equibot is a balancing robot which is like a small scale segway. It is based around an ATMega32 RISC Microcontroller. It has just one sensor: the Sharp infrared ranger. This is positioned facing downwards to measure distance to the floor and as a result tilt angle is obtained. The output from this device is used to decide which way the robot is leaning and hence stabilize the system. 1.2.5 nBot Balancing Robot The nBot balancing robot by David P.Anderson is another two wheeled balancing robot that has been developed in the recent past, the concept of balancing this robot could be applied to this two wheeled balancing cart project, for the nBot the wheels are driven in such a way as to stay under the robots center of gravity, hence, the robot remains balanced. The nbot consists of two feedback sensors: a tilt or angle sensor to measure the tilt of the robot with respect to gravity, and also consist of encoders on the wheels in order to measure the position of the base of the robot. The position and motion of an inverted pendulum based machine such as the nBot are defined by four variables. They are the position, the velocity, the tilt angle and the tilt rate. The measurements from these four variables are summed and fed back as a motor voltage which is proportional to torque, hence is used to balance and drive the robot. 1.2.6 EDGAR A student project at the University of Adelaide under the guidance of Dr.Ben Cazzolato resulted in EDGAR, the Electro-Drive Grav-Aware Ride. EDGARs design draws up the successes and failures of the Segway PT and various other attempts of producing self balancing scooters which use different automatic control methods. Angular feedbacks from the gyroscopic sensor and PWM output to motors are used in a control system to achieve balance in EDGAR. The microcontroller used is the Wytec MiniDRAGON+ development board; the microcontroller receives the information from sensors, interprets the information and then sends commands to drive the system to maintain balance.

Study on Credit Risk and Credit Risk Management

Study on Credit Risk and Credit Risk Management Abstract The purpose of this research is to make clear the importance of credit risk management and how the firm can get the benefit by using different methodologies by different actions of credit risk management. Introduction Many institutions such as banking and enterprises are well-known to its clever usage of financial sources. The correct management of the financial sources and attributes makes it spirited for the organization to tolerate the different economic uncertainties and threats. In addition, the strategy on managing the risks can be the most attractive strategy of the company that cannot be deteriorated but can be passed through the next generations of other managers. Background and problem statement The evaluation of risks can be the fundamental strategy in all of the organizations. Through the assessment of the risks, the organization can create a subjective decision and well plan. This all can help the accomplishment draw out from the process. In the classification of various system that are concerned in the assessing and managing the risk, the credit risk management is an rising activity that lies within the organization. Many researches attempted to answer the remuneration of the credit management within the organization. However, it remained indistinct for the management on how to manage and the principle of the credit risk management. Literature Review The credit risk management is accepted among the banks and other financial resources. The main purpose of the credit risk management is to minimize or diminish the possessions of the non-performing loans came from the consumers. The procedures and processes of the banks and their affiliates create a great collision in the flow of the financial resources. However, various economic reservations, international markets, or financial constraints can cause the financial status to be unbalanced. Aside from the financial deficiencies, the other causes of the financial constraints are the lack of buoyancy among the financial market to provide external help for the needed consumers, lack of potential to gather the information of the consumers, and the lack of push to have an forceful debt collecting. The non-performing loans can definitely cause too much stagnation of the financial sources. To provide the credit risk management efficiently, the banks and other financial institutions should ass es the reliability of the loaners. In terms of an enterprise, the estimation of their credit portfolio is enough to provide a system that continuously promotes the reviewing the risks and the ability of the business enterprise to pay. It is very common that the banking process restrict the occurrence of the risks during every transaction; for this reason, the bank managers should also rely on the effectiveness of the imposed regulations to predict the future risks.   From the different financial indicators, the position of the institution on the market disappointment are still depends on the internal process and the actions of the people. The economic theory in banking encompasses the interest and income theory in which is the basis of the cash flow approach in bank lending (Akperan, 2005). Credit risk management needs to be a vigorous process that enables the banks to proactively manage the loan portfolios to minimize the losses and earn an acceptable level of return to its shareholders. The importance of the credit risk management is recognized by banks for it can establish the standards of process, segregation of duties and responsibilities such in policies and procedures sanctioned by the banks (Focus Group, 2007). Credit risks appear in banking institution because of the uncertainties plagued the financial system. The uncertainties remain a major challenge in country. Still, the major approaches applied by the banks are the continuing efforts on research and close monitoring. Banks believe that the research and monitoring are the key sources of uncertainties like data generating institutions and the treasury (Uchendu, 2009). The market structure is important in banking for it influences the competitiveness of the banking system and companies to access to funding or credit investment. The economic growth affects the structure and development of the banking system. In addition, the vast knowledge in risk assessment and managerial approach is recognized as part of the development. Moreover, because the banks and the processes are highly regulated, it became very useful in assessing the effects or impact of the credit risk management in the banks and even in other financial sources (Gonzalez, 2009 ). Research Objectives The first objective of the study is to convey the purpose as well as the center of the credit risk management. Second is to determine the different actions of the management or the managers regarding the credit risk management. Through this two interconnected objectives, the study can ascertain its common ground in discussing the essential parts of the credit risk management. The credit risk management is admired among the banks and other financial resources. The main purpose of the credit risk management is to reduce or diminish the possessions of the non-performing loans came from the consumers. Credit risk is an investors risk of loss arising from a borrower who does not make payments as promised. Such an event is known as a default. The other term for credit risk is default risk. Investor losses include lost principal and interest, decreased cash flow, and increased collection costs, which arise in a number of circumstances. Consumer does not make a payment due on a mortgage loan, credit card, line of credit, or other loan .Business does not make a payment due on a mortgage, credit card, line of credit, or other loan .A business or consumer does not pay a trade invoice when due .A business does not pay an employees earned salaries and wages when due A business or government bond issuer doesnt make a payment on coupon or principal payment when due .An insolvent insurance company does not pay a policy obligations .An insolvent bank wont return funds to a depositor .A government grants bankruptcy fortification an insolvent consumer or business .There are three types of credit risk. Default risk Credit spread risk Many companies use credit to pay for short-term supplies or to finance long-term growth. While most companies view loans and credit lines as a important part of business, those who understand how to alleviate credit risk are far more likely to succeed. This is because those lending money are viewing at credit risk when issuing any type of loan or credit line. To lessen credit risk a company wants to be sure it is not seeking more credit than it can credibly repay in a timely fashion. An emerging company may not want to grow in phases that allow it to recoup some of the debt spent. Companies can increase their credit rating, thus mitigate their credit risk, by starting to set up credit long before they need it. This can be adept with vendor credits, small business credit cards and loans. Your average balances in your bank accounts also help set up a lower credit risk. After all, if you have had an account for a long time with money in it to wrap debts and obligations, you are seen as credit-worthy. Mitigating credit risk Lenders mitigate credit risk by using several methods: Risk-based pricing: The Lenders generally charge a higher interest rate to borrowers, who are more likely to default, a term called risk-based pricing. A lender considers factors related to the loan such as loan purpose, credit rating, and loan-to-value ratio and estimates the effect on yield (credit spread). Covenants: Lenders may write provisions on the borrower, called covenants, into loan agreements: Periodically report its financial state. Cease from paying dividends, repurchasing shares, borrowing further, or other specific, voluntary actions that negatively affect the companys financial position Repay the loan in full, when the lender request, in certain events such as changes in the borrowers debt-to-equity ratio or interest coverage ratio Credit insurance and credit derivatives: The Lenders and bond holders may evade their credit risk by purchasing credit insurance or credit derivatives. These contracts move the risk from the lender to the seller (insurer) in exchange for payment. The common credit derivative is the credit default swap. Tightening: Lenders can overcome credit risk by reducing the amount of credit extended, either in total or to certain borrowers. For example, a distributor selling its products to a disturb retailer may attempt to lessen credit risk by reducing payment terms from net 30 to net 15. Diversification: Lenders to a small number of borrowers (or kinds of borrower) face a high degree of random credit risk, called concentration risk. Lenders lessen this risk by diversifying the borrower pool. Deposit insurance: Many governments set up deposit insurance to guarantee bank deposits of insolvent banks. Such protection discourages the consumers from withdrawing money when a bank is becoming insolvent, to shun a bank run, and motivate consumers to holding their savings in the banking system instead of in cash. Credit risk is risk due to uncertainty in a counterpartys (also called an obligors or credits) capability to meet its obligations. Because there are many types of counterparties—from individuals to partners and sovereign governments—and many different types of condition—from auto loans to derivatives transactions—credit risk takes many forms. organizations manage it in different ways. In evaluating credit risk from a single counterparty, an institution must consider three Default probability: What is the probability that the counterparty will default on its obligation either over the life of the compulsion or over some specified horizon, such as a year? Calculated for a one-year prospect, this may be called the expected default frequency. Credit exposure: In the experience of a default, how large will the outstanding obligation be when the default occurs? Recovery rate: In the event of a default, what portion of the exposure may be recovered through bankruptcy actions or some other form of settlement? When we speak of the credit quality of a requirement, this refers generally to the counterpartys capability to perform on that obligation. This encompasses both the obligations default probability and estimated recovery rate. To place credit exposure and credit quality in perception, recall that every risk include two elements: exposure and uncertainty. For credit risk, credit exposure represents the former, and credit quality represents the latter. Conclusion: From the above mentioned description it has cleared that credit risk management is the important aspect of any organization. If the management keeps in mind the methodologies and techniques mention in this study paper it can overcome this risk and can increase the value of the business.

School Violence Essay -- Violence Education Security Technology Essays

Over the past several years, an epidemic of school violence has overtaken our nation. From monthly shootings, to daily bomb threats around the country, violence is becoming more and more common in schools. It is typical to hear about acts of violence among our youth everyday on the news. Although more numerous in cities, this violence does not discriminate against inner city or suburban areas; it happens everywhere. When addressing this quick spread of crime, one can inquire as to its history and why it happens, myths about school violence, and how was can taper it, by the use of technology. History of School Violence The history of violence in schools has no set pattern, but statistics report back to the 1970s. In 1978, a reported 282,000 students were assaulted in high schools, and 5,200 teachers were also assaulted that year (Elliot, 1998). Between 1984 and 1994, the number of teens who were killed doubled, while the number of adult homicides decreased (Elliot, 1998). Over the years, students have felt increasingly more afraid to go to school. Along with the number of homicides increasing, lesser crimes like theft and assault have gone up as well (Elliot, 1998). An outrageous statistic from the book â€Å"Violence in American Schools,† states â€Å"nearly half (47%) of all teens believe their schools are becoming more violent, and one of every ten report a fear of being shot or hurt by classmates that carry weapons to school† (Elliot, 1998). Sadly enough, over the years, children have become afraid to go to a place, which once made them feel safe. Myth and Fact of School Violence People have many different perceptions about what school violence is, and how it is handled. There are many misconceived ideas about... ...ology. American School & University. Retrieved April 11, 2015 from www.ephost@epnet.com Garza, Katie. (2002). School Security Moves Into the Digital Age. The Journal. Retrieved April 11, 2015, from www.ephost@epnet.com. Goldberg, L. (2003). Creating Safer and More Efficient Schools with Biometric Technologies. The Journal. Retrieved April 11, 2015, from www.ephost@epnet.com. Goldberg. P A. & Conoley.J.C. (Eds.)(1997) School Violence Intervention. New York: The Guildford Press Shafii, S, M. & Shafii, S.L. (Eds.). (2001). School Violence: Assessment, Management, Prevention. Washington , DC: American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc. Szczerba, Peter. (2000). Advances in Protection. American School & University. Retrieved April 11, 2015, from www.ephost@epnet.com. Trump. K. (1998) Practical School Security. California : Corwin Press Inc.

The Problem of Population Growth and the Solution of Population Plannin

The Problem of Population Growth and the Solution of Population Planning INTRODUCTION Human population growth, overpopulation, and earth’s biological carrying capacity have been concerns of scientists for many years. In 1679 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek estimated that the maximum number of people Earth can support is 13.4 billion and estimates have continued to vary drastically since then (Cohen, 1995). There are many ecological indicators, including desertification and water problems, which point to the likelihood that we are approaching our limit. There are many sub issues within this overall problem that must be addressed in order to work towards solving this problem, including sustainable living, water shortages, etc. However, the purpose of this paper is to focus on the idea of population control as one possible starting point for a solution. CARRYING CAPACITY It is important to remember that carrying capacity can change with new technology, different use of resources and better resource management. Carrying capacity can also change in the opposite direction due to a catastrophic event or overexploitation of resources. As was mentioned previously, there have been many estimates made on Earth’s carrying capacity since 1679. Estimates have varied greatly, ranging from 1000 billion. Currently the UN’s projection is that Earth can support around 9 billion people (www.prb.org). It is expected that the human population will reach that size by 2050. The current world population is around 6.3 billion. So, many believe that this is becoming, and has been, an imminent problem. According to Cohen, there have been six different methods that have been used to estimate Earth’s human carrying capacity.... ...eved October 31, 2004 from: Population Reference Bureau www.prb.org. Haub, C. & Herstad, B., (July, 2002). Sterilization World’s #1 Contraceptive Method. Retrieved October 31, 2004 from: Population Reference Bureau www.prb.org. Meulenberg, C., (Sept./Oct. 2004). {Definitely}Probably One: A Generation Comes of Age Under China’s One-Child Policy. World Watch, 17, 31. Roudi-Fahimi, F., & Moghadam, V.M., (November, 2003). Empowering Women, Developing Society: Female Education in the Middle East and North Africa. Retrieved October 31, 2004 from: Population Reference Bureau. www.prb.org. UNFPA, (2004). State of the World Population: The Cairo Consensus at Ten: Population, Reproductive Health and the Global Effort to End Poverty. Retrieved October 31, 2004 from: www.unfpa.org. Zi, L., (2004, July 8). Population Planning Paradox. Beijing Review, 47, 22. The Problem of Population Growth and the Solution of Population Plannin The Problem of Population Growth and the Solution of Population Planning INTRODUCTION Human population growth, overpopulation, and earth’s biological carrying capacity have been concerns of scientists for many years. In 1679 Antoni van Leeuwenhoek estimated that the maximum number of people Earth can support is 13.4 billion and estimates have continued to vary drastically since then (Cohen, 1995). There are many ecological indicators, including desertification and water problems, which point to the likelihood that we are approaching our limit. There are many sub issues within this overall problem that must be addressed in order to work towards solving this problem, including sustainable living, water shortages, etc. However, the purpose of this paper is to focus on the idea of population control as one possible starting point for a solution. CARRYING CAPACITY It is important to remember that carrying capacity can change with new technology, different use of resources and better resource management. Carrying capacity can also change in the opposite direction due to a catastrophic event or overexploitation of resources. As was mentioned previously, there have been many estimates made on Earth’s carrying capacity since 1679. Estimates have varied greatly, ranging from 1000 billion. Currently the UN’s projection is that Earth can support around 9 billion people (www.prb.org). It is expected that the human population will reach that size by 2050. The current world population is around 6.3 billion. So, many believe that this is becoming, and has been, an imminent problem. According to Cohen, there have been six different methods that have been used to estimate Earth’s human carrying capacity.... ...eved October 31, 2004 from: Population Reference Bureau www.prb.org. Haub, C. & Herstad, B., (July, 2002). Sterilization World’s #1 Contraceptive Method. Retrieved October 31, 2004 from: Population Reference Bureau www.prb.org. Meulenberg, C., (Sept./Oct. 2004). {Definitely}Probably One: A Generation Comes of Age Under China’s One-Child Policy. World Watch, 17, 31. Roudi-Fahimi, F., & Moghadam, V.M., (November, 2003). Empowering Women, Developing Society: Female Education in the Middle East and North Africa. Retrieved October 31, 2004 from: Population Reference Bureau. www.prb.org. UNFPA, (2004). State of the World Population: The Cairo Consensus at Ten: Population, Reproductive Health and the Global Effort to End Poverty. Retrieved October 31, 2004 from: www.unfpa.org. Zi, L., (2004, July 8). Population Planning Paradox. Beijing Review, 47, 22.

Hitlers Gain of Power :: Papers

Hitler's Gain of Power When Hitler came to become chancellor in January 1933 his powers were relatively weak. Hitler had been appointed chancellor by the president, Hindenberg. Hindenberg had the power to appoint any chancellor he wishes, and can get rid of Hitler at any time. This means that Hindenberg controlled all of Hitler's power. The Nazi politicians were in the minority in the cabinet and in the Reichstag - only 3 in the first cabinet. Hitler only won 33% of the vote in 1932. Without this support it was hard to gain much support for Hitler. Also, the Generals had no loyalty to him. The German army, the Wehrmacht, were very powerful and had the power to overthrow Hitler is they wished. They were afraid that Hitler would replace the army with his own SA - which had increased in size dramatically since it was first created. Hitler managed to achieve complete control by 1934 by establishing a one-party state where he would have full control. He did this in several ways. The Reichstag building was burned down on 27 February 1933. This helped Hitler to gain a majority in the upcoming March election. The Nazis blamed the fire on the communists, specifically Van der Lubbe - and they claimed that he intended to spark a communist uprising in Germany. It is debatable as to who really caused the fire. Although Van der Lubbe confessed to it, some historians claim that the Nazis started the fire themselves deliberately to increase their chances of success. It is undeniable that Hitler did use the fire to help win the election. He launched a propaganda campaign to whip up fears of a communist uprising. This was hoped to frighten the middle-classed landowners into voting for them. The day following the fire, the "Reichstag fire decree" was introduced. This gave the Nazis the power to arrest a number of communists and socialists and hold them for unlimited periods of time without having to appear in court. The Nazis still failed to gain a majority in the Reichstag, receiving

My Time in the Rainforest

Today was very productive day. I saw many things that I have never seen before in the Amazon rainforest. It is located in South America and is hugely populated with many different species. It is vast, covering an area of 2,5 million square miles, and we haven't even got one eight yet. Amazon river is one of the reasons the forest is so tremendously populated. It flows for more than 4,000 miles to discharge its waters in the Atlantic Ocean near Belem, Brazil. Along the way, about 1,100 tributaries latch on. One of the most seen birds was the Toucan. It was bigger then I thought it would be. Our guide told us that ten million species of plants, animals and insects live in the tropical forest. As it became dark, we stayed in the undergrowth of the forest where the tree could shade use from the hot sun we were expecting in the morning. The floor of the rain forest was sticky and wet from the rain that had fallen earlier this morning. It was hard to relax because of the weird weather. I could see a rainbow in the sky through the gaps between the canvas of leaves. As I got up, a spider monkey jumped down from the canopy and tried to grab the fruit we picked. We made a quick dash towards a giant tree trunk that had fallen. Thousands of small insects scattered as we approached it. We made a fireplace here to cook the raw meat we had brought. We fetched water from the Amazon river which was flowing near to camp and put in tablets to clean it. As we filled our bottles, piranhas swam towards our hands in the water. The Amazon river was a very dangerous place. –Day 2 24.09.10 We woke up at dawn when most of the animals would be sleeping. We saw an anaconda slither by. It was 21 feet long and I saw it choke a Giant Anteater. We were far away and the snake didn't spot us. A pack of squirrel monkeys passed us and we carried on through. It was getting cooler and there were less animals wandering about. More deadly animals started to appear, such as the poison dart frog. Our guide told us it is very small in size, but poisonous enough as to kill up to 100 people. It has the most powerful poison known by man, but harmless if left alone. Amazon Indians hunt using its poison in the tip of their arrows. –Day 3 25.09.10 We were heading towards Manaus, the weather in tropical areas have equatorial climate, found approximately 5 degrees to the North and South of the equator. Like any other tropical rainforest, it's hot and humid throughout the year, with an average annual temperature of 27à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C

Carl Jung and His Theories Essay

Carl Jung’s theories are interesting. He studied the personality as something very important to a person–it is embedded within us and is what emerges to the outside world so as to be seen by others. His three principles: opposition, equivalence and entropy is quite great and for me, really describe every humans’ way of interacting with their environment and the way they come to pursue and continue everyday life. I find it true enough that humans have this general life energy (libido) and uses it in everything they do. All of us are rational beings and we always have these drives to get on with things we often feel that need to be done. Through our consciousness and unconsciousness, we are able to get past every obstacle and track our â€Å"missions† in life. Carl Jung explained in his theories that humans do tend to become someone in order to be accepted by other people and to succeed in life. And for me, he is trying to convince all of us that every human, young or old, are born to have visions and views in life, different aspect within us, and a will to be free and be happy—yet all of these are not totally within our reach because of our differences. That’s why Jung, for me, was able to explain why and how people uses different mechanisms to live happily or even just be able to go on with life with his theories. I, as a person, can relate my personality to some of Jung’s theories. I can say that I am an: †¢Introverted feeling type because in this personality type, it is said that one is capable of deep emotions but avoid any outward expression of it. Yes, this describes me because I am the type of person that is strong on the outside yet fragile on the inside. I tend to really suppress all my emotions because I am afraid to be criticized and be rejected by the people around me especially that most of them are stereotypes. †¢Extraverted thinking type because an individual having this type represses one’s feelings and emotions, is objective in all aspects of life, rigid and cold, and scientist. As what I have said earlier, I hide my emotions to avoid criticism. Also, I always have plans in everything I do in order to achieve positive outcomes even in the simplest things I make, thus making me  rigid and cold since in line with achieving in life, I lean on focusing to myself and not with others. †¢Introverted thinking type because this personality type describes the person as intensely concerned with privacy and understanding to oneself rather than other people. I always prioritize privacy and I can’t live without it. I always keep secrets because I don’t trust the people around me that much and I can’t risk my privacy to them†¦ and due to this, I am more understanding to myself than others because my philosophy in life is to make the best out of myself first before others. Some may say that I am selfish and greedy but that’s what I am, I always give myself the most priority I could give. Every person is different and unique. You may find someone who is like you or like the person you know but lying deep within us is someone only us can discover—if we can. We must respect each other in every way because we are made equal and that everyone should be treated in the same way.

Psycho Analysis

ysisPsycho Final Analysis Joel Schain Film and Literature Period 3 10/2/12 Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho has been ranked as one of the top 10 best horror/suspense films of all time because of his unique way of filmmaking. Some of the many significant cinematic elements uses include internal diegetic sound, and dissolving. Internal diegetic sound was used throughout Hitchcock’s Psycho to create the illusion that Norman Bate’s mother was still alive. Only at the very end of the film do you find out what really happened to Norman’s mother, and throughout the film the audience is wondering when they will get to match the voice with her face.The internal diegetic sound appears to be Norman’s mother talking to him, when really it’s just him talking to himself. This effect leads the viewer to think that Norman’s mother is this unstable, controlling, psycho murderer when really it’s Norman all along and he just can’t accept the fact that she’s really gone. In the last scene Norman is asked a question in his prison cell and the voice of his mother replies, indicating that the mother part of him has consumed his personality.Another important cinematic element used in Psycho is the dissolve editing technique. At the very end of the film when Norman Bates is sitting in his prison cell, he slowing lifts up his head and grins, then it slowly dissolves into the face of his dead mother’s corpse, showing the viewers that they are now one. The question you find yourself asking throughout the film is, â€Å"Who is the murderer? † That question is answered at the very end when Norman and his mother dissolve into one face, proving that Norman was the crazy one all along. Psycho Analysis The Shower Scene from Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho is a crucial scene in the plot of the film. The scene itself shows the death of the main Protagonist, Marion. In this essay I am going to explore the Shower Scene in detail and show how Alfred Hitchcock created the excitement present in the scene as much by Technique as by Action and I will show how the scene is so important to Psycho as a whole. Perhaps the most distinguishing feature of Psycho is the score to the Shower Scene. The composer accountable for it is Bernard Herrmann. The Action of the scene is very fast-paced and the Music present in the scene is a direct reflection of this. The instruments present all belong to the String family; Cello, Violin, Viola and the Double Bass are all present in the Scene. This creates a very peculiar sound, no Brass instruments to create the usual ‘Noise’ affiliated with action and no Woodwind to soften the sound and calm things down. The sound is very rough, the high, screeching Violins create excitement as the action becomes more frenzied, so do the Violins. Each knife blow is accompanied by ‘screams’ by the high violins. This goes on for the duration of the attack, there is no relent until Marion is dead. This leaves the Audience lost, confused as to what exactly is going on in front of their eyes. The screaming emitted from Marion and the Violins is almost in-sync. The excitement is carried very well, the Strings are consistently battering the Audience’s eardrums with incredibly high notes, and the Strings come in fast with the knife strokes allowing no rest by the Audience. As the attacker departs and Marion slowly slides down the wall and into the bath in her dying moments, heavy Cello and Double Bass movements seem to drag her body down. The serene sound of a Shower opens and closes the Scene. This makes the Audience uneasy. It makes the Audience realise that all of this action is taking place in the most normal of places, the Bathroom. The drain gurgles at the end of the Scene; Marion’s life is effectively â€Å"going down the drain†. This is one factor of how the Excitement of the Shower Scene is created as much by Technique as by Action or Dialogue. Another Technique used to create Excitement in the Shower Scene is the way the Scene itself was Edited. The Scene is very, very fast-paced. Action is rife and the editing of the Scene carries this. The Shots quickly snap between the knife, Marion and her attacker, Mrs. Bates. This is very skilful editing as over 75 shots are used in the Scene, all skilfully snapping into the next. The fast snapping of the Shots helps the Actors in their quest to convey extreme violence on-screen. The Shots themselves seem to be frenzied, bloodthirsty in their constant snapping. The Audience is bombarded by various different images, this makes them very confused. This is what Hitchcock envisaged. The Audience cannot focus clearly on anything in the screen as nothing appears long enough to become an ‘anchor’ of sorts. The Audience are left confused, afraid of what’s actually happening. Even when the attacker departs, we do not focus on Marion long enough to take in the damage she has most certainly suffered at the hands of Mrs. Bates. The shots continually snap to various objects of interest around the room, eventually panning slowly around and into her room. The money is very clearly focused on at the very end of the Scene. We know that the money has not been touched; this throws the Audience even more. They are now deeply afraid as this was, clearly, not a murder to get the money. The Audience are left to try and figure the motive out on their own. This Scene lasts for around 45 seconds, but contains over 75 Shots. This is very skilful editing. This clever editing is another way Alfred Hitchcock conveys the Excitement in the Shower Scene as much by Technique as by Action or Dialogue. A very peculiar aspect of this Scene is the Setting. Hitchcock cleverly used the seemingly ordinary bathroom as the place of the brutal murder of the Audience’s ‘anchor’ to the plot of Psycho. Before Psycho was released, no Film Audience had seen a Bathroom, in full, in a Film. Psycho changed all that. Hitchcock used the ordinaries of the Bathroom to cause massive unease in his Audience. To the people of the 1960’s, a Bathroom was a Sanctuary. It was a place you could go to be your most vulnerable, a very private space. While in the Bathroom you are very vulnerable, but most people do not think of that when inside. When showering, you are naked. You are as vulnerable as the day you were born, no clothing to hide or protect you from the outside world. You are defenceless whilst showering and to a 1960’s Audience, to show a Bathroom on screen would be the height of disgust. For Alfred Hitchcock to use a Bathroom as the sight of a brutal murder was completely unexpected. Never before had a toilet been shown in a film, never mind a woman being murdered in her Shower. This caused huge controversy in the Public, just as Hitchcock had intended. People were left unsettled to see a woman at her most vulnerable being killed. This was the biggest intrusion on someone’s personal and private spaces ever shown in front of an Audience. This use of Setting to unsettle greatly enhanced the excitement in the Shower Scene by creating fear. This is another method used by Hitchcock to create Excitement in the Shower Scene as much by Technique as by Action or Dialogue. The Shower Scene in Alfred Hitchcock’s Psycho is important to the film as a whole due to the main protagonist, Marion being murdered. This leaves the Audience without an ‘anchor’ in the Plot and we’re forced to search for another to see where the story will lead us next. We’re later introduced to Norman Bates’ point of view in the story and he replaces Marion as our ‘anchor’ in Psycho. However, the Audience remains suspicious of Norman so he does not take on the role of protagonist like Marion. In this essay I have explored the Shower Scene in detail and shown how Alfred Hitchcock created the excitement present in the Scene as much by Techniques, such as Editing and Music, as by Action and Dialogue. I have also, in my opinion, shown how important the Scene is to the film as a whole.

Eriko

Kristin Mueller Contemp. Jap. Lit. and Film 2/20/13 Eriko's enterance In the book Kitchen by Banana Yoshimoto, there is a scene in which Mikage first meets Eriko. The scene, on page 11, is a small insight into the work of Banana Yoshimoto. â€Å"Just then, with the scratch of a key in the door, an incredibly beautiful woman came running in, all out of breath†¦ ‘How do you do,' she said in a slightly husky voice, still panting, with a smile. ‘I'm Yuichi's mother. My name is Eriko. ‘ This was his mother? Dumbfounded, I couldn't take my eyes off her.Hair that rustled like silk to her shoulders; the deep sparkle of her long, narrow eyes; well-formed lips, a nose with a high, straight bridge– the whole of her gave off a marvelous light that seemed to vibrate with life force. She didn't look human. † Here we see a small example of â€Å"magical realism†. This is the writing style where most of the writing is about a very realistic, but there is a small part of the supernatural that takes part. In Kitchen, the supernatural part of the world that Mikage lives in is the light. There are many references to light that radiates off of people or objects.Before Mikage is even close with Eriko she can still see the light that radiates off of Eriko. This light represents the miraculous forces that are in life. Though Mikage, and later Yuichi, can't see them due to the loss of their loved ones, the light shows them the things that are important. Another aspect of this scene is Eriko's extraordinary beauty. Unlike Mikage or Eriko's wife, Eriko is not plain. She is flashy and showy even to the point of appearing inhuman. Her beauty is what captivates people, including Mikage. Sadly her beauty also leads to her death.This inhuman appearance brings everybody closer to her, whether intentional or not. Although it helps when it comes to including Mikage into her family, it also isolates Eriko from the outside world. These things were all wh at drew Mikage to Eriko as well as the family she formed with her, Eriko and Yuichi. This first meeting with Eriko was the moment when Mikage could no longer protest living with them and met the next light she would live her life for. Because of Eriko, Mikage was able to live continue her life and move forward after her grandmother's death.

Art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Art - Essay Example This â€Å"something that can be conceived but not seen nor made visible† is often referred to as the sublime, a quality of transcendent greatness â€Å"with which nothing else can be compared and which is beyond all possibility of calculation, measurement or imitation† (Wikipedia, 2006). The presence of this sublime element, then, inspires the imagination in a specific direction based on which elements remain visible or understandable. Its significance is in the way in which it brings attention to the uncertainty of meaning inherent in the work, such that no resolution makes itself apparent. To understand how emotions or the sublime can be communicated through visual art, the work of modern artists Marcel Duchamp, with his â€Å"Nude Descending a Staircase #2†, and Amedeo Modigliani, with â€Å"Head of a Woman†, will be compared in terms of their materials, subject matter, content, composition, color and impacts of context or the time period in which they were produced. In terms of materials, both works of art are oil paintings placed on stretched canvas. Thus, they each represent a two-dimensional surface with little room for actual depth or movement. Although numerous means had been devised to create the illusion of depth in flat surfaces such as this, neither artist makes much use of these devices, instead allowing their backgrounds to remain relatively dark and formless. There are hints, however, at some form of space created in each. In Duchamp’s painting, for example, there is a hint of the stairway mentioned in the title in the bottom left corner offset by a somewhat smoother, flatter surface in the upper right corner. Because of the juxtaposition with the figure in the center, this latter surface seems to fall back, providing a shallow space within the painting. Modigliani also provides some sense of depth in his painting with unidentifiable dark-colored spaces to the right of the

Quantitative Methods Individual work 2 wk4 Assignment

Quantitative Methods Individual work 2 wk4 - Assignment Example Glenn believes that a referendum could be placed on the voting ballot in time for the November election. Passage of the referendum would change the zoning of the property and permit construction of the condominiums. The sealed-bid procedure requires the bid to be submitted with a certified check for 10% of the amount bid. If the bid is rejected, the deposit is refunded. If the bid is accepted, the Deposit is the down payment for the property. However, if the bid is accepted and the bidder does not follow through with the purchase and meet the remainder of the financial obligation within six months, the deposit will be forfeited. In this case, the county will offer the property to the next highest bidder. In the case study above, a decision tree was used to analyze the possible scenarios that took place. Decision trees are used to clearly define the process in which a problem is solved and the possible outcomes which will result into the solution being formulated (Mian & Mian, 2002, P. 198).In the decision, tree below, D1 represents the point where the solution is made. This point is referred to as a decision node. (Mian & Mian, 2002, P. 199).Chance circles are points within the decision nodes which reveal the possible outcomes which are out of the control of the decision maker.C1 represents these chance circles (Mian & Mian, 2002, P. 199). C3-after the bid has been accepted, and they do not follow through with the purchase and also fail to meet the financial obligations in 6 months, the deposit will be forfeited and the property will automatically be taken to the next highest bidder. The concept of expected value assists to determine the worth of an investment after analyzing possible outcomes and probability of each scenario as it occurs. Once all these scenario and probabilities have been brought together along with each scenario, the expected return is found after each outcome is multiplied by each probability. Before